The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI)

Kregel, Jeroen; Vuijk, Pieter Jelle; Descheemaeker, Filip; Keizer, Doeke; Noord, Robert van der; Nijs, Jo; Cagnie, Barbara; Meeus, Mira; Wilgen, Paul van

doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000306

Cited by 140 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Finally, the factor analysis yielded a 4‐factor model, which is in line with previous studies in adult participants . However, although most items loaded on 4 factors, the distribution of items within each of these factors was slightly different from previous studies (see Table ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The European Portuguese version of the CSI showed very good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.91), similar to the Dutch version (Cronbach’s α of 0.91), the Serbian version ( α = 0.91), and the Brazilian version ( α = 0.91), and slightly higher than the values reported for the original version of the CSI ( α = 0.88), all validation studies in an adult population. Similarly, the values found in the present study for test‐retest reliability (ICC = 0.94) compare favorably with the ICC values reported for the Spanish (ICC = 0.91) and the Serbian (ICC = 0.95) versions of the CSI and are slightly higher than the values reported for the Dutch (ICC = 0.88) and the Japanese versions (ICC = 0.85) . Concerning the SEM and SDC, the values found were higher than those reported by Cuesta‐Vargas et al and Knezevic et al in adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The total mean (±SD) score of the CSI in this study was 23.30 ± 14.42 points in adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain, a score lower than those reported in clinical samples of adults . Nevertheless, Cuesta‐Vargas et al reported mean CSI scores similar to those found in the present study for adults with musculoskeletal chronic pain recruited from the general community (mean ± SD = 23.80 ± 11.78).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…The characterization of signs and symptoms associated with CS in musculoskeletal chronic pain is usually done using psychophysical pain measures, such as pressure pain thresholds and conditioned pain modulation, which require equipment and specific training as well as time‐consuming protocols. A less expensive and more practical tool to use in clinical practice is the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), which was developed as an indirect measuring instrument to assess the symptoms associated with CS by Mayer et al The CSI has been recommended as one component of an algorithm to help clarify the presence of CS pain in chronic patients in clinical practice, and the original version has already been translated and validated into several languages, including Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese from Brazil, Serbian, Italian, and French, all in adult samples of patients with chronic pain . We were able to find only 1 study that used the CSI in a sample of 40 adolescents (mean age of 15.75 ± 2.13 years) with joint hypermobility, chronic pain, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross‐Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in Adolescents With Musculoskeletal Chronic Pain

Andias

Silva

2020

Pain Practice

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Background Central sensitization (CS) is an important feature in musculoskeletal chronic pain, and associated symptoms can be assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI). Objectives This study aimed to translate and cross‐culturally adapt the CSI to the European Portuguese language and to assess its validity and reliability in adolescents with musculoskeletal chronic pain. Methods The European Portuguese version of the CSI was established following the translation and testing processes recommended by international guidelines. Then, this version of the CSI was completed by 1,730 adolescents, who also completed the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire; the Pain Catastrophizing Scale; the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; and the Basic Scale on Insomnia Complaints and Quality of Sleep. Test‐retest reliability and measurement error, internal consistency, hypothesis testing, and factor analysis were assessed for the translated version of the CSI. Results Cronbach's alpha was 0.91, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94 (95% confidence interval: 0.90, 0.96), and the standard error of measurement and smallest detectable change were 4.15 and 11.50, respectively. Fair correlations were found between CSI and fear of movement (Spearman’s correlation [rs] = 0.46), sleep (rs = 0.46), and catastrophizing (rs = 0.49). Moderate to good correlations were found between CSI and depression (rs = 0.60), anxiety (rs = 0.59), and stress (rs = 0.65). Conclusion The European Portuguese version of the CSI was considered easy to understand and showed very good internal consistency, excellent test‐retest reliability, and excellent construct validity in a community sample of adolescents with musculoskeletal chronic pain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cross‐Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in Adolescents With Musculoskeletal Chronic Pain

Andias

Silva

2020

Pain Practice

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“…Several studies support the clinimetric properties of the Central Sensitization Inventory in different countries. 10,14,15 The cutoff of 40/100 allows correct identification of over 82% of patients with CS pain, but the chances of false positives are relatively high, which supports our approach of combining this measure with a more comprehensive examination for identification of predominant CS pain.…”

Section: Criterion 2: Neuroanatomically Illogicalmentioning

confidence: 53%

Recognition and Treatment of Central Sensitization in Chronic Pain Patients: Not Limited to Specialized Care

Nijs

Goubert²,

Ickmans

2016

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Modern pain neuroscience has substantially improved our understanding of the (development of) chronic musculoskeletal pain. The time has come for orthopaedic and sports physical therapists to implement modern pain neuroscience in specialized, but definitely also in primary, care settings, including the role of central sensitization (CS) in amplifying and explaining the presence of the pain experience. Central sensitization dominates the clinical picture in a subgroup of the musculoskeletal pain population, ranging from tennis elbow over shoulder pain to osteoarthritis and whiplash. Applying modern pain neuroscience to clinical practice implies (1) recognizing those patients having predominant CS pain, and (2) accounting for CS when designing the treatment plan in those with predominant CS pain. Future work in this area should (1) examine the validity of the proposed clinical classification algorithm for identifying CS pain in patients with orthopaedic and sports injuries, and (2) explore evidence-based treatment options for patients having predominant CS pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(12):1024-1028. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0612.

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Prevalence of Central Sensitization in Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa

2021

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ain is one of the most prominent and debilitating symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and has been incorporated as a domain in the newly developed core outcome set for HS. 1 The chronic, inflammatory, and painful nature of HS has been postulated to induce a process known as central sensitization (CS). 2 Central sensitization is an increased responsiveness of the pain perception pathway in the central nervous system to normal or subthreshold stimuli, altering and amplifying pain perception. 2 Symptoms of CS are not confined to pain and can include fatigue, memory loss, and sleep disturbances. 2 Moreover, several syndromes have been associated with CS. For example, fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome are considered to share a common pathophysiological pathway, implicating neuronal hyperexcitability as the central mechanism. 2 The presence of CS in HS-associated inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatic diseases, has been well established. 3,4 Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of central sensitization in patients with HS compared with age-and sex-matched controls. Methods Study DesignThis cross-sectional, survey-based, case-control study was performed at the Department of Dermatology of the Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, from February to November 2020. All consecutive, adult patients IMPORTANCE Chronic pain is one of the most prominent symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and an independent domain in the core outcome set for HS. Previously, the chronic, recurrent, inflammatory nature of HS was hypothesized to induce central sensitization (CS; alteration and amplification of pain perception). However, evidence for this hypothesis is currently lacking.OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of CS in patients with HS compared with sex-and age-matched controls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis was a cross-sectional, survey-based, case-control study conducted from February to November 2020 that included all consecutive adult patients with HS attending the outpatient clinic of the Department of Dermatology of the Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Age-and sex-matched controls without chronic inflammatory dermatologic diseases were recruited from the same department. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe main outcome was the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) score (ranging from 0-100) as a screening tool for presence of CS. Based on current literature, a score of 40 or higher was deemed to indicate the presence of CS. RESULTSOverall, 100 patients with HS (median [IQR] age, 34.5 [27.3-47.0] years; 71 [71%] female) and 100 controls (median [IQR] age, 33.5 [27.0-48.8] years; 71 [71%] female) were included, of which 36% and 12%, respectively, had a CSI score of 40 or higher (P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that patients with HS had 4.46 (95% CI, 1.89-10.52; P = .001) times the odds of having a positive CSI compared with controls. In addition, CS ...

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The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI)

Cited by 140 publications

References 21 publications

Cross‐Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in Adolescents With Musculoskeletal Chronic Pain

Cross‐Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in Adolescents With Musculoskeletal Chronic Pain

Recognition and Treatment of Central Sensitization in Chronic Pain Patients: Not Limited to Specialized Care

Prevalence of Central Sensitization in Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa

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