The dual roles of Armigeres subalbatus prophenoloxidase V in parasite melanization and egg chorion melanization in the mosquito Ar. subalbatus

Tsao, I-Yu; Chen, J.-W.; Li, C.-J.; Lo, Hung; Christensen, Bruce M.; Chen, C.-C.

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.016

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Although the genome of Ar. subalbatus has not been sequenced, five As-pro-POs have been identified in this species 44 . Different PPOs may have different functions, for example in Ar.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Different PPOs may have different functions, for example in Ar. subalbatus , the functions of the As-pro-PO I, II and III were found to be involved in filarial parasite melanization, blood feeding and cuticle formation, respectively 18 , 45 , 46 , while As-pro-PO V was required for both melanization immune responses and egg chorion melanization 44 . Tsao et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Involvement of cecropin B in the formation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito cuticle

Liu¹,

Chao³

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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In this study, we found a mosquito antimicrobial peptide (AMP), Aedes aegypti cecropin B (Aacec B), was expressed constitutively in pupae. Knockdown in the pupae of Aacec B using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) resulted in high mortality, the emergence of deformed adults and an impairment of pharate adult cuticle formation with fewer lamellae being deposited and the helicoidal pattern of the chitin microfibrils being disorganized. Simultaneous injection of Aacec B dsRNA and Aacec B peptide into pupae significantly reduced this mortality and no deformed adults then emerged. The expression levels of Ae. aegypti prophenoloxidase (AaPPO) 3 and AaPPO 4 were significantly reduced in the Aacec B knockdown pupae. Exogenous Aacec B peptide significantly enhanced the transcription of AaPPO 3 in pupae. Knockdown of AaPPO 3 in pupae caused effects similar to Aacec B-knockdown. The Aacec B peptide could be detected in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of pupal cells and was able to bind to the TTGG(A/C)A motif in AaPPO 3 DNA both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that Aacec B plays a crucial role in pharate adult cuticle formation via the regulation of AaPPO 3 gene expression in pupae.

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“…Although the genome of Ar. subalbatus has not been sequenced, five As-pro-POs have been identified in this species 44 . Different PPOs may have different functions, for example in Ar.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of cecropin B in the formation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito cuticle

Liu¹,

Chao³

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…For example, D. melanogaster PPO1 and PPO2 are involved in the antibacterial response whereas PPO2 and PPO3 are involved in the encapsulation response (Dudzic et al, 2015). Likewise, Armigeres subalbatus Pro-PO I is involved in the melanization of filarial worms, Pro-PO III is involved in cuticle formation, and Pro-PO V is involved in both parasite melanization and egg chorion tanning (Shiao et al, 2001; Tsao et al, 2015; Tsao et al, 2009). …”

Section: Immune Effector Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Hillyer

2016

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

400

345

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Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.

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“…An 298 alternative explanation would be that these groups represent different cell lineages, or perform 299 melanization for diverse processes, e.g. metamorphosis and cuticle sclerotization, as established 300 in other insects(Dudzic et al, 2015;Tsao et al, 2015;Tsao et al, 2009). Transcriptional 301 12 differences between the two groups could also reflect localization patterns of the cells inside the 302 mosquito body, as blood cells can be found in the circulation or attached to internal organs(King 303 and Hillyer, 2013) and sessile cells could have been displaced during hemolymph perfusion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Unbiased classification of mosquito blood cells by single-cell genomics and high-content imaging

Severo

Landry

Lindquist

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Mosquito blood cells are ancestral immune cells that help control infection by vector-borne pathogens. Despite their importance, little is known about mosquito blood cell biology beyond the ambiguous morphological and functional criteria used for their classification. Here we combined the power of single-cell RNA-sequencing, imaging flow cytometry and single-molecule RNA hybridization to analyze blood cells of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. By demonstrating that blood cells express nearly half of the mosquito transcriptome, our dataset represents an unprecedented view into their transcriptional machinery. Analyses of differentially expressed genes identified transcriptional signatures of two distinct cell types that challenge the current morphology-based classification of these cells. We further demonstrated an active transfer of a cellular marker between blood cells that confounds their identity. We propose that cell-to-cell exchange is broadly relevant for cell type classification and may account for the remarkable cellular diversity observed in nature.

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The dual roles of Armigeres subalbatus prophenoloxidase V in parasite melanization and egg chorion melanization in the mosquito Ar. subalbatus

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Involvement of cecropin B in the formation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito cuticle

Involvement of cecropin B in the formation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito cuticle

Insect immunology and hematopoiesis

Unbiased classification of mosquito blood cells by single-cell genomics and high-content imaging

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