The dual role of complement in cancer and its implication in anti-tumor therapy

Abstract

This review focuses on our current knowledge of complement's potential involvement in shaping the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and its role on the regulation of angiogenesis and hypoxia. Furthermore, we discuss approaches using complement-based therapies as an adjuvant in tumor immunotherapy.

BRF1 accelerates prostate tumourigenesis and perturbs immune infiltration

“…The complement pathway links innate and adaptive immunity to coordinate appropriate immune responses [11]. Complement activation occurs via the classical, lectin or alternative pathways [12], culminating in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) (composed of C5b-C9) which punctures cell membranes to cause cytolysis.…”

“…The concentration of C7 at sites of complement activation is a limiting factor for MAC formation [13]. Complement activation recruits neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages to sites of inflammation [14], promotes opsonisation of Bcell responses [12] and enhances T-cell responses (activation, differentiation, polarisation and apoptosis) [11,12].…”

Inflammatory response and treatment tolerance of long‐term infusion of the anti‐GD2 antibody ch14.18/CHO in combination with interleukin‐2 in patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma

“…The mechanism of pain induction by ant‐GD 2 Ab has been partly attributed to the activation of the complement system . Also the complement system is counterbalanced by endogenous complement regulatory proteins (e.g., DAF, C4BP, CR1, MCP, fI, and C1‐INH) and by factors expressed on the cell surface of cancer cells (e.g., CD59) . However, it is unknown whether repeated applications of ch14.18/CHO could lead to an increase in such factors.…”

Development and validation of autophagy‐related‐gene biomarker and nomogram for predicting the survival of cutaneous melanoma

“…Coagulation activation is one of hallmarks of cancer, which is major contributor to cancer‐associated mortality and morbidity . As for complement, known as a fundamental component of innate immunity, which mediated chronic inflammation to cause tumor progression and transformation . KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) is one of the most lethal cancer‐related proteins that plays a key role in human most aggressive and fatal cancers.…”