The dual reno- and neuro-protective effects of dimethyl fumarate against uremic encephalopathy in a renal ischemia/reperfusion model

A case report of late‐onset atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome during interferon beta in multiple sclerosis: Open issues in literature review

“…Moreover, a recently published experimental model has pointed out DMF protection potential against renal ischemia/reperfusion insult (Ragab et al, 2020). In conclusion, aHUS could occur in RRMS patients treated with IFNβ even after several years of treatment with IFNβ-1a, suggesting how vigilance on this rare AEs can never be forgotten.…”

“…Therefore, in case of kidney injury, as aHUS, in the context of autoimmune disease like MS we can deduce that DMF could also have protective effect on the kidney from oxidative stress (Schmidlin et al., 2020). Moreover, a recently published experimental model has pointed out DMF protection potential against renal ischemia/reperfusion insult (Ragab et al., 2020). In conclusion, aHUS could occur in RRMS patients treated with IFNβ even after several years of treatment with IFNβ‐1a, suggesting how vigilance on this rare AEs can never be forgotten.…”

The reno-protective effect of celastrol mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 activation and NF-κB/NLRP3 suppression in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion model

“…Additionally, Younis et al (38) showed that the stimulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway could protect kidney from cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and increasing TAC. Another study performed by Ragab et al (35) in renal I/R model revealed that the induced expression of Nrf2 by Nrf2 activator could enhance renal TAC, inhibit lipid peroxidation, besides inhibiting pro-activator caspase-1 via the suppression of NF-κB. Thus, establishment of effective and specific Nrf2 activator may confer a distinct strategy for renal-protection contra hepatic IRI.…”

“…Among the important transcription factors implicated in IRI there is Nrf2 which is critical in the control of many antioxidants that keep the oxidation-reduction balance and protect from inflammation (32) . After activation by ROS, Nrf2 translocates to inside nucleus, and engines the expression of multiple protective antioxidant enzymes like HO-1 (33) and subsequently could increase TAC of the cell (34,35) . In the present work, 90/4 I/R insult showed lessened hepatic and renal concentrations of Nrf2, HO-1, and TAC as as elevated MDA content, which goes in harmony with the findings of Ibrahim et al (34) who induced liver injury by liver (45/24 I/R) insult and Ragab et al (35) who induced kidney injury by renal (45/24 I/R).…”

“…After activation by ROS, Nrf2 translocates to inside nucleus, and engines the expression of multiple protective antioxidant enzymes like HO-1 (33) and subsequently could increase TAC of the cell (34,35) . In the present work, 90/4 I/R insult showed lessened hepatic and renal concentrations of Nrf2, HO-1, and TAC as as elevated MDA content, which goes in harmony with the findings of Ibrahim et al (34) who induced liver injury by liver (45/24 I/R) insult and Ragab et al (35) who induced kidney injury by renal (45/24 I/R). Kudoh et al (36) study showed that Nrf2 is a significant factor that is able to prevent the hepatocyte death during hepatic I/R in mice.…”