The dual mechanisms of composite biochar and biofilm towards sustainable nutrient release control of phosphate fertilizer: Effect on phosphorus utilization and crop growth

Production, Mechanisms, and Performance of Controlled-Release Fertilizers Encapsulated with Biodegradable-Based Coatings

“…Other biobased materials, such as biochar, exhibit a strong sorption ability for nutrients (e.g., nutrient carriers) , owing to its unique surface characteristics, and it is an efficient material for controlled nutrient release performance and soil amendment due to its high pore structure, large specific surface area, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water holding capacity, and enhanced degradability. ,− Clays are environmentally friendly minerals with low cost and high availability, exhibit high CEC, and increase the adsorption capacity for several species (e.g., water, ammonium, metal cations, dyes, and biomolecules). , Different clay materials are extensively used in agricultural applications. , Montmorillonite acts as a filler for chitosan and increases the water holding capacity, whereas attapulgite can be used as a fertilizer carrier …”

“…In agriculture activities, RBPs can be used either directly or after modification as biodegradable-based matrices/coatings for CRFs, contributing to a sustainable development with the aim of achieving food safety, environmental protection, and energy efficiency. , In some cases, the value-added product is the powder obtained from the organic waste drying and grinding. ,, The value-added products are then functionalized as matrices, coatings, fillers, impregnation materials, or surface modifiers to form a specific structure in the CFR and achieve better NUE performance …”

“…For example, CRFs have been formed with (i) a core of poly(dimethylurea)/CMC and P(AA-AMPS-NHMAA)/WS as the coating; 84 (ii) a core of WS/alginate/urea/borax with CMWS-g-PAA/APT as the coating; 76 (iii) a urea core with inner coating of polyolefin wax, an outer coating of biobased polyurethane, and an external protective layer of epoxy resin; 35 (iv) a urea core with an inner coating of polyurethane and MCFP-AA as the outer coating; 85 (v) and a urea core with a polyurethane coating plus organosilicon and nanosilica modifications. 86 Other biobased materials, such as biochar, exhibit a strong sorption ability for nutrients (e.g., nutrient carriers) 21,87 owing to its unique surface characteristics, and it is an efficient material for controlled nutrient release performance and soil amendment due to its high pore structure, large specific surface area, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water holding capacity, and enhanced degradability. 69,88−90 Clays are environmentally friendly minerals with low cost and high availability, 51 exhibit high CEC, and increase the adsorption capacity for several species (e.g., water, ammonium, metal cations, dyes, and biomolecules).…”

Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review

“…The third method is referred to as integrated co-pyrolysis and coating. In this scenario, biochar is co-pyrolysed with chemical fertilisers and then coated with another material such as a polymer or biodegradable biofilm (An et al 2021a , b ). In the coating methods described, the more hydrophobic groups in the membrane and the greater its thickness, the fewer nutrients are released into the soil, resulting in less fixation, leaching, or volatilisation in the soil.…”

“…In the coating methods described, the more hydrophobic groups in the membrane and the greater its thickness, the fewer nutrients are released into the soil, resulting in less fixation, leaching, or volatilisation in the soil. Thus, the appropriate amount of hydrophobic substance and the appropriate membrane thickness must be determined to ensure that the plant receives an adequate supply of nutrients (An et al 2021b ; Azeem et al 2016 ).…”