The dual burden of animal and human zoonoses: A systematic review

Abstract

Background Zoonoses can cause a substantial burden on both human and animal health. Globally, estimates of the dual (human and animal) burden of zoonoses are scarce. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the dual burden of zoonoses using a comparable metric, “zoonosis Disability Adjusted Life Years” (zDALY). Methodology We systematically reviewed studies that quantify in the same article zoonoses in animals, through monetary losses, and in humans in terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). We searched EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We excluded articles that did not provide the data to estimate the zDALY or those for which full text was not available. This study was registered at PROSPERO, CRD42022313081. Principal findings/Significance We identified 512 potentially eligible records. After deduplication and screening of the title and abstract, 23 records were assessed for full-text review. Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review. The data contains estimates from 10 countries, a study at continental level (Asia and Africa), and 2 studies on a global scale. Rabies was the most frequently reported zoonosis where zDALYs were calculated, based on the following included studies: for Kazakhstan 457 (95% CI 342–597), Viet Nam 5316 (95% CI 4382–6244), Asia 1,145,287 (90% CI 388,592–1,902,310), Africa 837,158 (90% CI 283,087–1,388,963), and worldwide rabies 5,920,014 (95% CI 1,547,860–10,290,815). This was followed by echinococcosis, the zDALYs in Peru were 2238 (95% CI 1931–2546), in China 1490 (95% CI 1442–1537), and worldwide cystic echinococcosis 5,935,463 (95% CI 4,497,316–7,377,636). Then, the zDALYs on cysticercosis for Mozambique were 2075 (95% CI 1476–2809), Cameroon 59,540 (95% CR 16,896–101,803), and Tanzania 34,455 (95% CI 12,993–76,193). Brucellosis in Kazakhstan were 2443 zDALYs (95% CI 2391–2496), and brucellosis and anthrax in Turkey 3538 zDALYs (95% CI 2567–6706). Finally, zDALYs on leptospirosis in New Zealand were 196, and Q fever in Netherlands 2843 (95% CI 1071–4603). The animal burden was superior to the human burden in the following studies: worldwide cystic echinococcosis (83%), brucellosis in Kazakhstan (71%), leptospirosis in New Zealand (91%), and brucellosis, and anthrax in Turkey (52%). Countries priorities on zoonoses can change if animal populations are taken into consideration.

Pathogen genomics and One Health: a scoping review of current practices in zoonotic disease research

“…Across the African continent, a recent assessment reported that approximately 71% of sequencing systems resides in just five countries, most of them at laboratories with no affiliation to national public health institutes (Inzaule et al , 2021). Nevertheless, low/lower-middle income countries are precisely where genomic pathogen surveillance applied to One Health initiatives is more appropriately deployed based on the challenges driven by climate emergencies, land-use change, and zoonotic disease risks which these regions face (Allen et al , 2017; Baker et al , 2022; Noguera et al , 2022).…”

“…Approximately 60% of emerging infections are caused by zoonotic pathogens (Jones et al, 2008;Becker et al, 2019). While it is difficult to ascertain the true impact of these infections, zoonoses often pose a double burden by affecting human health while also being of veterinary concern, often leading to significant economic losses in animal production (Noguera et al, 2022). Managing and preventing zoonotic disease outbreaks requires interdisciplinary approaches and expertise from a diversity of fields (WHO, 2019; UNEP & ILRI, 2020; Kock & Caceres-Escobar, 2022).…”

Genetic diversity of Leptospira strains circulating in humans and dogs in France in 2019-2021

“…Nevertheless, it is also widely reported in temperate areas, including Europe ( Goarant, 2016 ; Pijnacker et al., 2016 ). Leptospirosis also has a major impact on the health of wild and domestic mammals, and can cause major economic losses in the livestock sector ( Noguera et al., 2022 ). Dogs are particularly susceptible to leptospirosis, and vaccines are available to protect them from disease ( Azócar-Aedo et al., 2014 ; Ellis, 2015 ).…”

Global, regional and national burden of human cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

“…Cystic echinococcosis is widely prevalent across the world, and the incidence of human cystic echinococcosis is estimated to be more than 50/10 5 in endemic foci, while the prevalence may be as high as 5-10% in Argentina, Peru, eastern Africa, Central Asia and China [6]. The global burden was estimated to be 184,000 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) due to cystic echinococcosis each year, resulting in a loss of 760 million dollars a year [7]. In addition to huge economic burdens, this zoonotic parasitic disease poses extremely high global public health burdens [8].…”