The Draize Eye Test

Wilhelmus, Kirk R.

doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00211-9

Cited by 320 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Ocular irritation index (OII) was evaluated according to the observed injuries (Table S2). [32][33][34] Following completion of in vivo ocular tolerance assays, all the rabbits were euthanized by air embolism. Then cornea, conjunctiva and iris of the ocular tissues were fixed with 10% formaldehyde.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Eye Irritancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional intercalated nanocomposites with chitosan-glutathione-glycylsarcosine and layered double hydroxides for topical ocular drug delivery

Xu¹,

Xu²,

Gu³

et al. 2018

IJN

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Background To enhance ocular bioavailability, the traditional strategies have focused on prolonging precorneal retention and improving corneal permeability by nano-carriers with positive charge, thiolated polymer, absorption enhancer and so on. Glycylsarcosine (GS) as an active target ligand of the peptide tranpsporter-1 (PepT-1), could specific interact with the PepT-1 on the cornea and guide the nanoparticles to the treating site. Purpose The objective of the study was to explore the active targeting intercalated nanocomposites based on chitosan-glutathione-glycylsarcosine (CG-GS) and layered double hydroxides (LDH) as novel carriers for the treatment of mid-posterior diseases. Materials and methods CG-GS-LDH intercalated nanocomposites were prepared by the coprecipitation hydrothermal method. In vivo precorneal retention study, ex vivo fluorescence images, in vivo experiment for distribution and irritation were studied in rabbits. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were studied in human corneal epithelial primary cells (HCEpiC). Results CG-GS-LDH nanocomposites were prepared successfully and characterized by FTIR and XRD. Experiments with rabbits showed longer precorneal retention and higher distribution of fluorescence probe/model drug. In vitro cytological study, CG-GS-LDH nanocomposites exhibited enhanced cellular uptake compared to pure drug solution. Furthermore, the investigation of cellular uptake mechanisms demonstrated that both the active transport by PepT-1 and clathrin-mediated endocytosis were involved in the internalization of CG-GS-LDH intercalated nanocomposites. An ocular irritation study and a cytotoxicity test indicated that these nanocomposites produced no significant irritant effects. Conclusions The active targeting intercalated nanocomposites could have great potential for topical ocular drug delivery due to the capacity for prolonging the retention on the ocular surface, enhancing the drug permeability through the cornea, and efficiently delivering the drug to the targeted site.

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Section: Evaluation Of Eye Irritancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional intercalated nanocomposites with chitosan-glutathione-glycylsarcosine and layered double hydroxides for topical ocular drug delivery

Xu¹,

Xu²,

Gu³

et al. 2018

IJN

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“…To assess the local safety profile, a Draize eye test was performed (44). Six animals were used: for each animal, one eye was instilled with 100 μl of 0.1% propranolol eye drops, once a day, for three consecutive days; the other eye was instilled with the same volume of saline.…”

Section: Draize Eye Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics and local safety profile of propranolol eye drops in rabbits

et al. 2014

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Background: Oral propranolol, a nonselective β-blocker, is able to reduce the progression of retinopathy of prematurity in newborns, but it appeared unsafe. This study aimed to find, in rabbits, a propranolol eye drop concentration able to induce lower plasma but higher retinal concentrations than those obtained after oral administration. Methods: Male New Zealand white rabbits were treated with oral propranolol (0.25 mg/kg/6 h) for 5 d, and propranolol concentrations were measured after 1, 2, 3, and 6 h in plasma, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, and retina. These concentrations were compared with those obtained after the administration of one drop of 25 μl of propranolol 0.1% prepared in saline, applied every 6 h to both eyes for 5 d. A Draize eye test and histological analyses were performed to assess eye drop tolerability. results: The administration of eye drops produced retinal concentrations similar to, but plasma concentrations significantly lower than, those measured after oral administration. The local tolerability profile was excellent. conclusion: Propranolol eye drops are able to ensure high retinal and low plasma concentrations of propranolol, and this finding opens the perspective of possible topical treatment with propranolol in newborns with retinopathy of prematurity.

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“…The Draize test is performed on small rodent eyes or skin and the adverse effects are recorded. Deemed cruel, the method has been challenged due to the inherent differences between humans and the model species (199). Alternative methods based on human reconstituted skin models are being developed, out of which few have reached the last validation steps according to the guidelines set by ECVAM, the European Centre for Validation of Alternative…”

Section: Modelling Skin and Wound Healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of human skin in vitro

Lönnqvist¹

2016

Linköping University Medical Dissertations

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Siis älä siitä huoli, näinhän täällä käy Aurinkokin paistaa, vaikkei sitä näy (Eppu Normaali, 1993) So don't you worry about it, that's the way things goThe sun is still shining, even though it doesn't show ABSTRACTChronic wounds are a substantial problem in today's health care and place significant strains on the patient. Successful modelling of the wound healing process is pivotal for the advancement of wound treatment research. Wound healing is a dynamic and multifactorial process involving all constituents of the skin. The progression from haemostasis and inflammation to proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, and final scar maturation can be halted and result in a chronic wound that fails to re-epithelialise. The wound healing process constitutes an example of dynamic reciprocity in tissue where cellular changes take place on cues from the extracellular matrix and vice versa when tissue homeostasis is disturbed. The extracellular matrix provides a structural context for the resident cells and the epidermal keratinocytes, and a functioning interplay between the two tissue compartments is crucial for successful wound healing to take place. Work included in this thesis has applied viable human full thickness skin in vitro to investigate the re-epithelialisation process and barrier function of intact skin. The use of full thickness skin in vitro can take into account the contextual aspect of the process where the epidermal keratinocytes are activated and obtain a migratory phenotype, and are continuously dependent on the cues from the extracellular matrix and support of the dermis. When utilising skin for studies on re-epithelialisation, circular standardised full thickness wounds were created and cultured for up to four weeks in tissue culture. In paper I, the organisation of a thick neoepidermis was investigated in the in vitro wound healing model when resident cells were provided with a porous suspended three dimensional gelatin scaffold. In paper II we investigated the use of a fluorescent staining conventionally used for proliferation studies to facilitate the tracing of transplanted epidermal cells in in vitro wounds, in order to improve and expand the use of the model. In paper III the model was utilised to investigate the treatment approach of acidification of wounds to evaluate the suitability of such intervention in regards to keratinocyte function and re-epithelialisation. Studies on reepithelialisation with the aid of the in vitro wound healing model provided insight in neoepidermal structure with porous gelatin scaffolding in the wound, a novel methodological approach to tracing cells and response to constrained wound healing environment. In paper IV, intact human skin was evaluated for modelling the cytotoxic response after exposure to a known irritant compound. To study barrier function, intact skin was exposed to irritants by restricting exposure topically, and full thickness skin in vitro was found suitable for modelling cytotoxicity responses. Employing human full...

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The Draize Eye Test

Cited by 320 publications

References 64 publications

Functional intercalated nanocomposites with chitosan-glutathione-glycylsarcosine and layered double hydroxides for topical ocular drug delivery

Functional intercalated nanocomposites with chitosan-glutathione-glycylsarcosine and layered double hydroxides for topical ocular drug delivery

Pharmacokinetics and local safety profile of propranolol eye drops in rabbits

Applications of human skin in vitro

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