The dosimetry system DS86 and the neutron discrepancy in Hiroshima - historical review, present status, and future options

Rühm, W.; Kellerer, Albrecht M.; Korschinek, G.; Knie, K.; Rugel, G.; Kato, Kazúo; Nolte, E.

doi:10.1007/s004110050131

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…For A bomb survivors, neutron doses were revaluated by measuring long-lived activated nuclei in environmental samples ( 63 Ni in copper samples; 152 Eu, 60 Co, 59 Ni, 41 Ca, 39 Ar, 36 Cl, 14 C, 10 Be in granite gravestones) or biological materials ( 41 Ca in tooth enamel) (104,105) .…”

Section: Activation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for external ionising radiation exposures

Ainsbury¹,

Bakhanova²,

Barquinero³

et al. 2010

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

242

168

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The current focus on networking and mutual assistance in the management of radiation accidents or incidents has demonstrated the importance of a joined-up approach in physical and biological dosimetry. To this end, the European Radiation Dosimetry Working Group 10 on 'Retrospective Dosimetry' has been set up by individuals from a wide range of disciplines across Europe. Here, established and emerging dosimetry methods are reviewed, which can be used immediately and retrospectively following external ionising radiation exposure. Endpoints and assays include dicentrics, translocations, premature chromosome condensation, micronuclei, somatic mutations, gene expression, electron paramagnetic resonance, thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, neutron activation, haematology, protein biomarkers and analytical dose reconstruction. Individual characteristics of these techniques, their limitations and potential for further development are reviewed, and their usefulness in specific exposure scenarios is discussed. Whilst no single technique fulfils the criteria of an ideal dosemeter, an integrated approach using multiple techniques tailored to the exposure scenario can cover most requirements.

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Section: Activation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for external ionising radiation exposures

Ainsbury¹,

Bakhanova²,

Barquinero³

et al. 2010

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

242

168

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“…Efforts are now under way to measure tiny traces of 63 N as an activation product of fast neutrons in copper samples, such as lightning rods or rain gutters, from known positions in Hiroshima [26]. Preliminary successful measurements up to a distance of 1460 m from the hypocenter in Hiroshima indicate larger neutron doses than specified by DS86, but it is still uncertain whether the discrepancy is as large, or nearly as large, as suggested by the thermal activation data.…”

Section: Potential Implications Of the Neutron Discrepancy In Hiroshimamentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk estimates for radiation-induced cancer – the epidemiological evidence

Kellerer

2000

Radiat Environ Biophys

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The risk of low-dose radiation exposures has--for a variety of reasons--been highly politicised. This has led to a frequently exaggerated perception of the potential health effects, and to lasting public controversies. A balanced view requires a critical reassessment of the epidemiological basis of current assumptions. There is reliable quantitative information available on the increase of cancer rates due to moderate and high doses. This provides a firm basis for the derivation of probabilities of causation, e.g. after high radiation exposures. For small doses or dose rates, the situation is entirely different: potential increases of cancer rates remain hidden below the statistical fluctuations of normal rates, and the molecular mechanisms of cancerogenesis are not sufficiently well known to allow numerical predictions. Risk coefficients for radiation protection must, therefore, be based on the uncertain extrapolation of observations obtained at moderate or high doses. While extrapolation is arbitrary, it is, nevertheless, used and mostly with the conservative assumption of a linear dose dependence with no threshold (LNT model). All risk estimates are based on this hypothesis. They are, thus, virtual guidelines, rather than firm numbers. The observations on the A-bomb survivors are still the major source of information on the health effects of comparatively small radiation doses. A fairly direct inspection of the data shows that the solid cancer mortality data of the A-bomb survivors are equally consistent with linearity in dose and with reduced effectiveness at low doses. In the leukemia data a reduction is strongly indicated. With one notable exception -- leukemia after prenatal exposure--these observations are in line with a multitude of observations in groups of persons exposed for medical reasons. The low-dose effects of densely ionizing radiations--such as alpha-particles from radon decay products or high-energy neutrons--are a separate important issue. For neutrons, there is little epidemiological information. This has facilitated exaggerated claims of high neutron effects with reference to alleged dangers from transports of reactor fuel. However, in spite of limited information, it can be shown that the data from Hiroshima exclude the stated claims. New dosimetric information on neutrons may turn out to be highly informative with regard to an upper limit for the potential effects of neutrons and equally with regard to a reassessment--and a possible reduction--of risk estimates for gamma-rays.

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“…Long-lived radionuclides such as 36 C1 and 41 Ca produced by capture of thermal neutrons and 63 Ni produced via 63 Cu(n,p) and 36 C1 produced by neutron capture on 35 C1 in ground structures during the nuclear explosions are presently regarded as those tools by which these discrepancies may be solved. See [182] for the present status and a detailed discussion.…”

Section: From Sources To Sinksmentioning

confidence: 98%

Long-Lived Radionuclides as Tracers in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Matter

Michel

1999

Radiochimica Acta

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Environmental radioactivity / Cosmogenic radionuclides / Long-lived radionuclides / Accelerator mass spectrometry / Natural and mass-made tracers SummaryRadionuclides in nature offer unique opportunities for radioactive dating and tracing of natural and man-made processes. Naturally occurring radionuclides with half-lives between a few days and IO 12 a have found widespread applications some of which are surveyed here. After a short glance on radionuclide production in stellar nucleosynthesis and on extinct radionuclides in the early solar system, applications are discussed of the long-lived (5 ka < T 1/2 < 16 Ma) radionuclides 10 Be, 14 C, 26 Al, ,6 C1, 41 Ca, "Mn, 59 Ni, and 129 I in cosmochemistry and -physics and in the earth and environmental sciences. These nuclides occur in nature as cosmogenic and partially as radiogenic nuclides and some of them were brought into the terrestrial environment by man. Methods to analyze them at their natural levels are reviewed. Applications are highlighted which cover the cosmic ray record in extraterrestrial matter and in various terrestrial compartments and archives. Emphasis is put on the distinction of mechanisms affecting constancy or variability of the observed natural radionuclide abundances. Finally, the longterm human impact on the radiation environment and the relevance of long-lived radionuclides for the human radiation exposure is discussed. Radionuclides in natureRadioactive nuclides with half-lives between 7.2 · IO 24 a ( I28 Te) and 17 ns ( 212m Po) occur naturally in the solar system and in our terrestrial environment as primordial, radiogenic, nucleogenic or cosmogenic nuclides. More than 20 primordial radionuclides, among them <°K, 87 Rb, 232 Th, 235 U, and 238 U, have sufficiently long half-lives to survive the time since the closing of the solar system. Radionuclides with shorter half-lives are continuously produced. Radiogenic nuclides originate from radioactive decay or spontaneous fission of primordial radionuclides. Nucleogenic ones are produced by nuclear reactions induced by α-particles and neutrons from radioactive decay and spontaneous fission, respectively. Finally, cosmogenic nuclides are the products of interactions of primary and secondary solar and galactic cosmic ray particles with matter. *

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The dosimetry system DS86 and the neutron discrepancy in Hiroshima - historical review, present status, and future options

Cited by 28 publications

References 76 publications

Review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for external ionising radiation exposures

Review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for external ionising radiation exposures

Risk estimates for radiation-induced cancer – the epidemiological evidence

Long-Lived Radionuclides as Tracers in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Matter

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