The dose rate observed on 19–21 October 1989 and its modulation by geophysical effects

Smart, D. F.; Shea, M. A.; Dachev, Ts.; Bankov, N.; Petrov, V. M.; Bengin, V. V.

doi:10.1016/0273-1177(94)90521-5

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Historically, the SEP measurements inside the ISS are rare but have been discussed in Reitz et al (), Larosa et al (), Di Fino et al (), and Narici et al (). Characteristics of SEP radiation dose were measured from September to October of 1989 inside the Russian space station “MIR” with the first Liulin‐type instrument (Petrov et al, ; Shurshakov et al, ; Smart et al, ) and with the Liulin‐5 dosimetric telescope inside the ISS in March 2012 (Semkova et al, ). With the R3DR2 instrument, we performed one of the first SEP measurements outside of the ISS (Dachev et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016

et al. 2017

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The radiation risk radiometer‐dosimeter (R3D)‐R2 solid‐state detector performed radiation measurements at the European Space Agency EXPOSE‐R2 platform outside of the Russian “Zvezda” module at the International Space Station (ISS) from 24 October 2014 to 11 January 2016. The ISS orbital parameters were average altitude of 415 km and 51.6° inclination. We developed special software and used experimentally obtained formulas to determine the radiation flux‐to‐dose ratio from the R3DR2 Liulin‐type deposited‐energy spectrometer. We provide for the first time simultaneous, long‐term estimates of radiation dose external to the ISS for four source categories: (i) galactic cosmic ray particles and their secondary products; (ii) protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly region of the inner radiation belt (IRB); (iii) relativistic electrons and/or bremsstrahlung in the outer radiation belt (ORB); and (iv) solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The latter category is new in this study. Additionally, in this study, secondary particles (SP) resulting from energetic particle interaction with the detector and nearby materials are identified. These are observed continuously at high latitudes. The detected SPs are identified using the same sorting requirements as SEP protons. The IRB protons provide the highest consistent hourly dose, while the ORB electrons and SEPs provide the most extreme hourly doses. SEPs were observed 11 times during the study interval. The R3DR2 data support calculation of average equivalent doses. The 30 day and 1 year average equivalent doses are much smaller than the skin and eyes doses recommendations by the National Council on Radiation Protection (Report 132), which provides radiation protection guidance for Low Earth Orbit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016

et al. 2017

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“…Liulin recorded in real time the onset and the initial phase of this flare. The measurements includes observations of multi-GeV solar particles at the station altitude in low and equatorial latitudes (Smart et al,1994). In Figure 1 a brief overview of the data is presented.…”

Section: Spe On 19 October 1989mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inner magnetosphere variations after Solar Proton Events. Observations on Mir space station in 1989–1994 time period

Dachev

Semkova

Matviichuk

et al. 1998

Advances in Space Research

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Measurements on board the Mir space station have been used to study the dose rate and the particle flux distribution in the inner magnetosphere. The measurements have been performed with the Bulgarian-Russian dosimeter-radiometer Liulin. The paper concentrates on the dynamics of the observed "new" and "second" maxima which were created after Solar Proton Events (SPE) in the 1989-1994 time. The "second" belt was first observed after the SPE on October 20, 1989, and the last observation was after the SPE on February 20, 1994. The creation of the "new" belt is a unique phenomena seen in the Liulin data set after the SPE on March 23, 1991 and relates to the magnetic storm on March 24. The new belt fully disappears in the middle of 1993.

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“…In such case the SPE-origin energetic particles can change dramatically the radiation environment on low earth orbit on a long-term time scale (up to several months). The Liulin radiometer-dosimeter onboard Mir space station [7] has collected data about radiation environment during number of SPE in SeptemberOctober 1989, March 1991, June 1991 and June 1992 [8][9][10][11]. During the SPE on September 29 1989 when the space station reached high latitudes in the near-polar geomagnetic regions (L>3.5) dose rate and Dose characteristics in LEO depend also on many other parameters such as the solar cycle phase; spacecraft orbit parameters, helio -and geophysical parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation Environment on the International Space Station During the Solar Particle Events in March 2012

Semkova¹,

Dachev²,

Koleva³

et al. 2013

Astrobiol Outreach

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The Liulin-5 charged particle telescope observes the radiation characteristics in the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom of MATROSHKA-R international project on the International Space Station (ISS) since June 2007. In this paper attention is drawn to the results from the measurements of dose rate and particle flux increase during the Solar Energetic Particles Events (SPE) occurred in March 2012. During that SPE the solar particles penetrated at high geographic latitudes in the regions of the south and north Earth magnetic poles and at 3 < L they caused particle flux and dose rates increase in all three detectors of Liulin-5, located at 40, 60 and 165 mm depths along the phantom's radius. The maximum flux at 40 mm depth observed outside the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) during that SPE reached 7.2 part/cm 2 .s and the dose rate reached 107.8 µGy/h on 07.03.2012, 13:06 UT at L=4. The additional absorbed dose received from SPE is approximately 180 µGy and additional dose equivalent-approximately 448 µSv. These additional exposures are comparable to the averaged daily absorbed dose and dose equivalent measured in the spherical phantom in ISS during quite radiation conditions. Discussed are the linear energy transfer spectra measured and quality factors obtained during and after the SPE. Compared are data from Liulin-5 and other particle detectors in space during the SPE.

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The dose rate observed on 19–21 October 1989 and its modulation by geophysical effects

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016

Overview of the ISS Radiation Environment Observed during the ESA EXPOSE‐R2 Mission in 2014–2016

Inner magnetosphere variations after Solar Proton Events. Observations on Mir space station in 1989–1994 time period

Radiation Environment on the International Space Station During the Solar Particle Events in March 2012

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