The Dose-Dependent Antioxidant Effects of Physical Exercise in the Hippocampus of Mice

Abstract

Exercise increases both the consumption of oxygen and the production of reactive species in biological tissues, and this is counterbalanced by antioxidant adaptations to regular physical training. When the intensity of exercise fluctuates between mild and moderate, it improves the status of reduction-oxidation balance in the brain and induces neuroplasticity. However, intense exercise can oxidize the brain and impair neurological function. The effect of the frequency of exercise, which is an important factor in physical training, is still unknown. The effect of periodic exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of mice was evaluated in this study. Mice were made to run on a treadmill for 8 weeks, two, three, or five times per week, and their hippocampi and quadriceps femoris muscles were then dissected. Biomarkers of oxidative damage were negatively correlated with the frequency of exercise and mitochondrial muscular activity, while the sulfhydryl contents were positively correlated with exercise frequency. A logistic analysis revealed a dose-dependent effect of exercise on these biomarkers. In summary, these results suggested that manipulating the frequency of physical exercise could induce antioxidant-related adaptations in the hippocampi of adult mice.

The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction

“…This is consistent with physical exercise ameliorating the reduction‐oxidation (redox) balance in the CNS through improvements in the defensive mechanisms of antioxidants . Additionally, Speck et al showed that an adequate frequency of moderate‐intensity exercise (treadmill) caused antioxidant changes in the hippocampi of mice. Importantly, voluntary exercise attenuated METH‐induced oxidative stress in brain microvessels by raising antioxidant capacity of these capillaries, and protected against BBB disruption, in mice .…”

Maternal Forced Swimming Reduces Cell Proliferation in the Postnatal Dentate Gyrus of Mouse Offspring

“…Maternal swimming in contrast, appears to be a bad exercise for the pup's brain development. A positive outcome on brain maturity as well as metabolism depends on frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise (Ploughman et al, 2007; Speck et al, 2014). Swimming is rather forced work out for rodents and studied as aerobic exercise to challenge the metabolism and immune system (Wasinski et al, 2013; Cunha et al, 2015).…”

Exercise Pills for Drug Addiction: Forced Moderate Endurance Exercise Inhibits Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity through the Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling Pathway in Male Sprague Dawley Rats

“…It would be important to have information on the neurobiological changes caused by exercise that may have a positive effect on drug-addicted individuals. According to previous studies, the neurobiological changes that take place in METH users through physical exercise may be due to the interaction of various changes, including the regulation of CNS neurochemicals [ 17 , 30 ], improvement of defense mechanisms involving antioxidants [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], neurogenesis [ 35 ], glial formation [ 36 ], and protection of the blood–brain barrier [ 37 , 38 ]. However, the results presented in these previous studies do not fully explain the effect of exercise on METH-induced neurobiological changes.…”