The Doha Round of the World Trade Organization and Agricultural Markets Liberalization: Impacts on Developing Economies

Fabiosa, Jay; Beghin, John C.; Cara, Stéphane de; Elobeid, Amani; Fang, Cheng; Işık, Murat; Matthey, Holger; Saak, Alexander E.; Westhoff, Patrick C.; Brown, D. Scott; Willott, Brian; Madison, Daniel; Meyer, Seth D.; Kruse, John

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9353.2005.00252.x

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Milk supply equations are driven by expected net returns, which are driven by applicable federal or state policy. Demand equations are specified as a function of price, relevant substitute product prices and consumer income for various milk products (Johnson et al, 1993;Westhoff and Brown, 1999;Blayney and Normile, 2004;Fabiosa et al, 2005). These dairy cattle population projections (Supplementary Table S4) have an average annual decline rate of 0.32%, which agrees with CARB estimates of 0.5% decline in dairy cattle population from 2017 onward (CARB, 2022c).…”

Section: Scenario Analysis Of Methane Emissions From California Dairy...supporting

confidence: 52%

Methane emissions from California dairies estimated using novel climate metric Global Warming Potential Star show improved agreement with modeled warming dynamics

Pressman¹,

Liu²

2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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IntroductionCarbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are two of the primary greenhouse gases (GHG) responsible for global warming. The “stock gas” CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere even if rates of CO2 emission decline. In contrast, the “flow gas” CH4 has an e-folding time of about 12 years and is removed from the atmosphere in a relatively short period of time. The climate impacts of cumulative pollutants such as CO2 and short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) such as CH4 are often compared using Global Warming Potential (GWP), a metric that converts non-CO2 GHG into CO2-equivalent emissions. However, GWP has been criticized for overestimating the heating effects of declining SLCP emissions and conversely underestimating the heating impact of increasing SLCP emissions. Accurate quantification of the temperature effects of different CH4 emissions scenarios is particularly important to fully understanding the climate impacts of animal agriculture, whose GHG emissions are dominated by CH4.MethodsA modified GWP metric known as Global Warming Potential Star (GWP*) has been developed to directly quantify the relationship between SLCP emissions and temperature change, which GWP cannot do. In this California dairy sector case study, we contrasted GWP- versus GWP*-based estimates of historical warming dynamics of enteric and manure CH4 from lactating dairy cattle. We predicted future dairy CH4 emissions under business-as-usual and reduction scenarios and modeled the warming effects of these various emission scenarios.ResultsWe found that average CO2 warming equivalent emissions given by GWP* were greater than those given by GWP under increasing annual CH4 emissions rates, but were lower under decreasing CH4 emissions rates. We also found that cumulative CO2 warming equivalent emissions given by GWP* matched modeled warming driven by decreasing CH4 emissions more accurately than those given by GWP.DiscussionThese results suggest that GWP* may provide a more accurate tool for quantifying SLCP emissions in temperature goal and emissions reduction-specific policy contexts.

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Section: Scenario Analysis Of Methane Emissions From California Dairy...supporting

confidence: 52%

Methane emissions from California dairies estimated using novel climate metric Global Warming Potential Star show improved agreement with modeled warming dynamics

Pressman¹,

Liu²

2023

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…However, these studies have not really dealt with the effect of multilateral trade liberalization on trade flows. Some other studies (Fabiosa et al, 2005;Hoekman and Nicita, 2010;Decreux, and Fontagné, 2006;Deb and Al Amin, 2011) have looked at the effect of the WTO's Doha Development Round (which was launched in 2001) on trade flows, including by using the general equilibrium models, and tend to report a positive effect on exports. However, those studies have not looked systemically at the effect of multilateral trade liberalization on trade flows, although the RIBS 29,2 conclusion of the Doha Development Round could rightly be considered as a multilateral trade liberalization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of multilateral trade liberalization on export performance in developing countries

Gnangnon

2019

RIBS

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine empirically whether the impact of multilateral trade liberalization on export performance and export performance convergence in developing countries depends on the amount of Aid for Trade (AfT) flows that accrue to these countries. Export performance is measured by export of goods and services to gross domestic product ratio, whereas export performance convergence refers to the process whereby a developing country’s export performance catches up with the world’s average export performance. Design/methodology/approach The analysis has used an unbalanced panel data set covering a sample of 97 developing countries, over the period 2002 to 2015. The two-step system generalized methods of moments has been used to address the question empirically. Findings Empirical results show that multilateral trade liberalization generates higher export performance and convergence in export performance in developing countries only when it is accompanied by higher AfT flows to developing countries, with a view of helping these countries enhance their trade capacity and reap the opportunities offered by multilateral trade liberalization in the international trade market. Research limitations/implications These findings indicate that greater access to the international trade market is not sufficient to promote developing countries’ export performance and convergence in export performance. Such a promotion could materialize if multilateral trade liberalization is accompanied by higher AfT flows (to enhance these countries’ capacity to trade). The findings therefore indicate that the current context of escalation of trade tensions would likely result in lower degree of multilateral trade liberalization, and eventually lower AfT flows to recipient-countries, and ultimately hamper developing countries’ export performance and convergence in export performance. Practical implications The findings therefore indicate that the current context of escalation of trade tensions would likely result in lower degree of multilateral trade liberalization, and eventually lower AfT flows to recipient-countries, and ultimately hamper developing countries’ export performance and convergence in export performance. An avenue for future research could be to perform the same analysis when data would be available over a longer time period. Future studies on the matter could also investigate whether the findings obtained apply to components of export performance, including for example manufactured exports and non-manufactured exports. Originality/value Many papers related to the AfT effectiveness have looked at the effect of AfT inflows on recipient-countries’ export performance. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of multilateral trade liberalization on developing countries’ export performance and export performance convergence and particularly to whether this effect would depend on the amounts of AfT that would accrue to developing countries to help them develop their trade capacity. To the best of our knowledge, no previous paper has addressed this issue.

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“…This results in an increase in agricultural income. On the other hand, Fabiosa et al (2005) concluded that net importing countries will feel the negative impacts of increasing agricultural prices. This was the reality in several food importing countries during the high food prices in 2008 (FAO 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Impacts of European Agricultural and Biofuel Policies

Prins¹,

Eickhout²,

Banse³

et al. 2011

E&S

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ABSTRACT. Food supply and food distribution have been and are important issues in the global political arena. The recent emergence of biofuel policies has increased the influence of the policy arena on agricultural production. In this paper we show the regional impact of changes in the European Common Agricultural Policy and biofuel policy. Shifting trade patterns, changes in agricultural production, and expansion of agricultural area or intensification of agriculture result in changes in land use and land use emissions. Higher prices for agricultural crops on the world market together with changing production raise agricultural income. Brazil is the region the most affected. The results show that arrangements or policies will be needed to avoid negative impacts in other regions of changing agricultural or biofuel policies in the European Union.

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The Doha Round of the World Trade Organization and Agricultural Markets Liberalization: Impacts on Developing Economies

Cited by 20 publications

References 4 publications

Methane emissions from California dairies estimated using novel climate metric Global Warming Potential Star show improved agreement with modeled warming dynamics

Methane emissions from California dairies estimated using novel climate metric Global Warming Potential Star show improved agreement with modeled warming dynamics

Effect of multilateral trade liberalization on export performance in developing countries

Global Impacts of European Agricultural and Biofuel Policies

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