The diving response and cardiac vagal activity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Ackermann, Stefan; Raab, Markus; Backschat, Serena; Smith, David; Javelle, Florian; Laborde, Sylvain

doi:10.1111/psyp.14183

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Immersion stimulates both the PNS and SNS branches. A predominant PNS is usually observed during descent and bottom stay, in accordance with human diving responses [ 49 ]. After emersion and continuation of atmospheric air breathing, the SNS takes over the PNS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Pulmonary Effects of One Week of Repeated Recreational Closed-Circuit Rebreather Dives in Cold Water

et al. 2022

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Background and Objectives: The use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) in recreational diving is gaining interest. However, data regarding its physiological effects are still scarce. Immersion, cold water, hyperoxia, exercise or the equipment itself could challenge the cardiopulmonary system. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of CCR diving on lung function and autonomous cardiac activity after a series of CCR dives in cold water. Materials and Methods: Eight CCR divers performed a diving trip (one week) in the Baltic Sea. Spirometry parameters, SpO2, and the lung ultrasonography score (LUS) associated with hydration monitoring by bioelectrical impedance were assessed at the end of the week. Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded during the dives. Results: No diver declared pulmonary symptoms. The LUS increased after dives combined with a slight non-pathological decrease in SpO2. Spirometry was not altered, and all body water compartments were increased. Global HRV decreased during diving with a predominant increase in sympathetic tone while the parasympathetic tone decreased. All parameters returned to baseline 24 h after the last dive. Conclusions: The lung aeration disorders observed seem to be transient and not associated with functional spirometry alteration. The HRV dynamics highlighted physiological constraints during the dive as well as environmental-stress-related stimulation that may influence pulmonary changes. The impact of these impairments is unknown but should be taken into account, especially when considering long and repetitive CCR dives.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…HRV monitoring during scuba diving is only available from a limited number of studies, and CCR diving seems to induce a different HRV response than OC diving [ 22 , 49 ]. Immersion stimulates both the PNS and SNS branches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Effects of One Week of Repeated Recreational Closed-Circuit Rebreather Dives in Cold Water

et al. 2022

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“…In the study, Al Haddad et al (2010a) found that it appears to be a simple, effective and inexpensive strategy to accelerate PNS reactivation. Additionally, the potential for increasing PNS activity was shown by previous studies outside of the exercise context (Ackermann et al, 2022;Eckberg et al, 1984;Finley et al, 1979;Hayashi et al, 1997;Kinoshita et al, 2006). Still, more research should be conducted to determine if it can elicit similar effects to CWI on the PNS, even though most of the body is not actually immersed in water.…”

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…While this is highly dependent on the sport, in this meta‐analysis evidence for it was only found for CWI. An argument could be made for CWFI since it is easy to administer, quick, and inexpensive (Al Haddad et al, 2010a), but more research is required to understand its impact on the PNS (Ackermann et al, 2022), and its limited effects on muscular parameters need to be considered. In a professional sports environment, massage therapy is very common after exercise, and the infrastructure for it already exists, therefore thorough investigations into its effects on the PNS are also recommended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While this is highly dependent on the sport, in this meta-analysis evidence for it was only found for CWI. An argument could be made for CWFI since it is easy to administer, quick, and inexpensive (Al Haddad et al, 2010a), but more research is required to understand its impact on the PNS (Ackermann et al, 2022), and its limited effects on muscular parameters need to be considered.…”

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of physical post‐exercise recovery techniques on vagally‐mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Laborde,

Wanders,

Mosley

et al. 2023

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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In sports, physical recovery following exercise‐induced fatigue is mediated via the reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). A noninvasive way to quantify the reactivation of the PNS is to assess vagally‐mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV), which can then be used as an index of physical recovery. This systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated the effects of physical recovery techniques following exercise‐induced fatigue on vmHRV, specifically via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Randomized controlled trials from the databases PubMed, WebOfScience, and SportDiscus were included. Twenty‐four studies were part of the systematic review and 17 were included in the meta‐analysis. Using physical post‐exercise recovery techniques displayed a small to moderate positive effect on RMSSD (k = 22, Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20–0.61, p = 0.04) with moderate heterogeneity. In the subgroup analyses, cold water immersion displayed a moderate to large positive effect (g = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.42–1.07) compared with none for other techniques. For exercise type, physical recovery techniques performed after resistance exercise (g = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48–0.89) demonstrated a larger positive effect than after cardiovascular intermittent (g = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.06–0.97), while physical recovery techniques performed after cardiovascular continuous exercise had no effect. No significant subgroup differences for training status and exercise intensity were observed. Overall, physical post‐exercise recovery techniques can accelerate PNS reactivation as indexed by vmHRV, but the effectiveness varies with the technique and exercise type.

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Influence of Respiratory Frequency of Slow-Paced Breathing on Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability

You,

Laborde,

Ackermann

et al. 2023

Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback

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The diving response and cardiac vagal activity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 119 publications

Pulmonary Effects of One Week of Repeated Recreational Closed-Circuit Rebreather Dives in Cold Water

Pulmonary Effects of One Week of Repeated Recreational Closed-Circuit Rebreather Dives in Cold Water

Influence of physical post‐exercise recovery techniques on vagally‐mediated heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Influence of Respiratory Frequency of Slow-Paced Breathing on Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability

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