The diversity of endogenous viral elements in insects

Gilbert, Clément; Belliardo, Carole

doi:10.1016/j.cois.2021.11.007

Cited by 24 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…We found that the key NHEJ genes (Ku70: CADAFLAP00006756 and Ku80: CADAFLAP00007225) were also up-regulated by AfPV1. However, Non-retroviral RNA virus sequences are widespread in the genomes of vertebrates, fungi, and plants ( Chiba et al, 2011 ; Kryukov et al, 2019 ; Gilbert and Belliardo, 2021 ). Due to the lack of an integrase and an integration process, the horizontal transfer of genetic sequences from non-retroviral viruses to eukaryotic genomes is thought to occur accidentally during infection ( Feschotte and Gilbert, 2012 ; Kryukov et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Satellite dsRNA Attenuates the Induction of Helper Virus-Mediated Symptoms in Aspergillus flavus

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Aspergillus flavus is an important fungal pathogen of animals and plants. Previously, we reported a novel partitivirus, Aspergillus flavus partitivirus 1 (AfPV1), infecting A. flavus. In this study, we obtained a small double-stranded (ds) RNA segment (734 bp), which is a satellite RNA of the helper virus, AfPV1. The presence of AfPV1 altered the colony morphology, decreased the number of conidiophores, created significantly larger vacuoles, and caused more sensitivity to osmotic, oxidative, and UV stresses in A. flavus, but the small RNA segment could attenuate the above symptoms caused by the helper virus AfPV1 in A. flavus. Moreover, AfPV1 infection reduced the pathogenicity of A. flavus in corn (Zea mays), honeycomb moth (Galleria mellonella), mice (Mus musculus), and the adhesion of conidia to host epithelial cells, and increased conidial death by macrophages. However, the small RNA segment could also attenuate the above symptoms caused by the helper virus AfPV1 in A. flavus, perhaps by reducing the genomic accumulation of the helper virus AfPV1 in A. flavus. We used this model to investigate transcriptional genes regulated by AfPV1 and the small RNA segment in A. flavus, and their role in generating different phenotypes. We found that the pathways of the genes regulated by AfPV1 in its host were similar to those of retroviral viruses. Therefore, some pathways may be of benefit to non-retroviral viral integration or endogenization into the genomes of its host. Moreover, some potential antiviral substances were also found in A. flavus using this system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Satellite dsRNA Attenuates the Induction of Helper Virus-Mediated Symptoms in Aspergillus flavus

Jiang

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Once they have been integrated into the genome of a host, EVE sequences usually remain as degraded fossil traces of past infections. However, some EVEs may become domesticated or exapted, in which case they can be expressed by the hosts [26,31,32,[72][73][74]. Short transcripts, termed TotiEVE-ST were found in some transcriptomes (Table S3a,b).…”

Section: Expression Of the Endogenous Totieve T1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such an approach has proven useful when characterizing new, free circulating, exogenous viruses (EXVs), which may be co-sequenced with that of the host [22][23][24][25]. Screening host genomes may also lead to identifying endogenous viral elements (EVEs), i.e., complete or fragmented viral genomes that became integrated into the genome in the germline of their host and were vertically transmitted [23,26]. The characterization of EVEs within a robust paleovirological framework can yield unique insights into historical host-virus interactions [26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Screening host genomes may also lead to identifying endogenous viral elements (EVEs), i.e., complete or fragmented viral genomes that became integrated into the genome in the germline of their host and were vertically transmitted [23,26]. The characterization of EVEs within a robust paleovirological framework can yield unique insights into historical host-virus interactions [26][27][28][29][30]. Insect genomes can host numerous and diverse EVEs, including some domesticated EVEs that now fulfil key cellular functions [31,32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insect genomes can host numerous and diverse EVEs, including some domesticated EVEs that now fulfil key cellular functions [31,32]. Here we took a two-step bioinformatics approach to explore the viruses that BSFs have encountered in the past (EVEs) or that currently infect BSFs (EXV) [23,24,26]. In particular, this study primarily uses in silico analyses of publicly available BSF genomes and transcriptomes to ask: (1) whether there is evidence of viral endogenization in BSF genomes, and (2) whether any of these endogenized viruses could be related to any exogenous viruses found in BSF transcriptomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Evidence of Past and Present Interactions between Viruses and the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens

Pienaar

Gilbert

Belliardo

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Black soldier flies (BSFs, Hermetia illucens) are becoming a prominent research model encouraged by the insect as food and feed and waste bioconversion industries. Insect mass-rearing facilities are at risk from the spread of viruses, but so far, none have been described in BSFs. To fill this knowledge gap, a bioinformatic approach was undertaken to discover viruses specifically associated with BSFs. First, BSF genomes were screened for the presence of endogenous viral elements (EVEs). This led to the discovery and mapping of seven orthologous EVEs integrated into three BSF genomes originating from five viral families. Secondly, a virus discovery pipeline was used to screen BSF transcriptomes. This led to detecting a new exogenous totivirus that we named hermetia illucens totivirus 1 (HiTV1). Phylogenetic analyses showed this virus belongs to a clade of insect-specific totiviruses and is closely related to the largest EVE located on chromosome 1 of the BSF genome. Lastly, this EVE was found to express a small transcript in some BSFs infected by HiTV1. Altogether, this data mining study showed that far from being unscathed from viruses, BSFs bear traces of past interactions with several viral families and of present interactions with the exogenous HiTV1.

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Co-option of a non-retroviral endogenous viral element in planthoppers

Huang,

Li,

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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Non-retroviral endogenous viral elements (nrEVEs) are widely dispersed throughout the genomes of eukaryotes. Although nrEVEs are known to be involved in host antiviral immunity, it remains an open question whether they can be domesticated as functional proteins to serve cellular innovations in arthropods. In this study, we found that endogenous toti-like viral elements (ToEVEs) are ubiquitously integrated into the genomes of three planthopper species, with highly variable distributions and polymorphism levels in planthopper populations. Three ToEVEs display exon‒intron structures and active transcription, suggesting that they might have been domesticated by planthoppers. CRISPR/Cas9 experiments revealed that one ToEVE in Nilaparvata lugens, NlToEVE14, has been co-opted by its host and plays essential roles in planthopper development and fecundity. Large-scale analysis of ToEVEs in arthropod genomes indicated that the number of arthropod nrEVEs is currently underestimated and that they may contribute to the functional diversity of arthropod genes.

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The diversity of endogenous viral elements in insects

Cited by 24 publications

References 77 publications

A Satellite dsRNA Attenuates the Induction of Helper Virus-Mediated Symptoms in Aspergillus flavus

A Satellite dsRNA Attenuates the Induction of Helper Virus-Mediated Symptoms in Aspergillus flavus

First Evidence of Past and Present Interactions between Viruses and the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens

Co-option of a non-retroviral endogenous viral element in planthoppers

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