The Diversity of Adaptation in a Multilevel Governance Setting

Providing Access to Urban Green Spaces: A Participatory Benefit-Cost Analysis in Spain

“…The participatory evaluation improves the robustness and quality of the economic evaluation and increases social acceptability of implementation. However, the engagement process needs to be multidirectional, not only within the scale of the case study and its diverse stakeholder groups, but also on a larger scale, including promotion to the general public or the rest of the society to ensure future social acceptability [22]. In our study, one of the strengths was the fact that the evaluation was not only based on the perspective of the researchers which is the case of numerous economic assessments but also on the perspective of stakeholders, experts, visitors and the general public.…”

“…This combination of both a participatory evaluation and a CBA is called Participatory Benefit Cost Analysis (PBCA). Campos et al [22] defined the PBCA as "a hybrid methodology of economic project appraisal as it is composed of heterogeneous sources and diverse elements, combining interpersonal deliberation and quantitative methodologies to produce both depth and breadth in valuation and appraisal processes".…”

“…In the PBCA, the participatory evaluation is highly important for the robustness and quality of the evaluations, and for increasing social acceptability to support implementation. There exists a wide range of participatory approaches that can be included in the PBCA such as citizen surveys; stakeholder analysis, interviews and workshops; focus groups; systemization of experiences; fuzzy cognitive mapping and participatory state of the art [22].…”

“…Similar approaches based on the participation of stakeholders have been used to allow communities to compare the costs and benefits of public interventions and/or identify disaster risk reduction measures (e.g., [21]). Campos et al [22] found that a multidirectional engagement process with diverse stakeholder groups and at various scales (stakeholders, users and general public) ensures future social and sustainable acceptability. Thus the combination of participatory process and a CBA enhances the robustness of the results and their social acceptability.…”

Policy Acceptance of Low-Consumption Governance Approaches: The Effect of Social Norms and Hypocrisy

“…Some policy research has diagnosed climate change and associated sustainability problems (e.g., resource depletion) as global problems that require international commitments and collaboration [11][12][13][14], where global agreement could result in top-down regulation and target setting to cut emissions. This approach poses a huge challenge if there is not total cross-country agreement, prompting other researchers to advocate more devolved solutions [15][16][17], with a stronger focus on action at the sub-state level, including at community and household levels [18,19]. Therefore, there is a need to assess public acceptability of different consumption policies and associated lifestyle changes.…”