The diversity and evolution of retroviruses: Perspectives from viral “fossils”

Zheng, Jialu; Wei, Yadong; Han, Guan-Zhu

doi:10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.019

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Endogenous retroviruses are present in all vertebrate genomes studied to date, and the entrance of these transposable elements into genomes is thought to be a major introduction of genetic diversity, potentially triggering speciation. However, most examples in genomes are ancient and are essentially represented by inactive viruses ( Zheng et al 2022 ). They are thought to be the remnants of past infectious viral integrations that have managed to enter germline cells and become fixed in a species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Reference Assembly for Bottlenecked Southern Australian Koalas

Blanchard

Emes

Greenwood

et al. 2022

Genome Biology and Evolution

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Koala populations show marked differences in inbreeding levels and in the presence or absence of the endogenous Koala Retrovirus (KoRV). These genetic differences among populations may lead to severe disease impacts threatening koala population viability. In addition, the recent colonization of the koala genome by KoRV provides a unique opportunity to study the process of retroviral adaptation to vertebrate genomes and the impact this has on speciation, genome structure and function. The genome build described here is from an animal from the bottlenecked “Southern” population free of endogenous and exogenous KoRV. It provides a more contiguous genome build than the previous koala reference derived from an animal from a more outbred “Northern” population and is the first koala genome from a KoRV polymerase free animal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Reference Assembly for Bottlenecked Southern Australian Koalas

Blanchard

Emes

Greenwood

et al. 2022

Genome Biology and Evolution

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“…Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are RNA viruses that can infect the human germline [ 14 – 17 ]. They first entered the primate genome between 25 and 40 million years ago, reviewed by our group [ 18 ] and others [ 15 , 16 , 19 – 21 ]. The HERV family is a class 1 viral fusion protein, akin to those found in viruses such as coronaviruses, influenza viruses, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and human immunodeficiency virus [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive investigation of human endogenous retroviral syncytin proteins and their receptors in men with normozoospermia and impaired semen quality

Tas

Soygur

Kutlu

et al. 2022

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose The study aims to investigate first the presence of Syncytin 2 and its receptor, MFSD2, in human sperm, and second whether the expressions of Syncytin 1, Syncytin 2, and their receptors, SLC1A5 and MFSD2, differ between normozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic human sperm samples. Methods The localization patterns and expression levels of syncytins and their receptors were evaluated in normozoospermic (concentration = 88.9 ± 5.5 × 10 6 , motility = 79.2 ± 3.15%, n = 30), asthenozoospermic (concentration = 51.7 ± 7.18 × 10 6 , motility = 24.0 ± 3.12%, n = 15), mild oligozoospermic (concentration = 13.5 ± 2.17 × 10 6 , motility = 72.1 ± 6.5%, n = 15), moderate oligozoospermic (concentration = 8.4 ± 3.21 × 10 6 , motility = 65.1 ± 8.9%, n = 15), severe oligozoospermic (concentration = 2.1 ± 1.01 × 10 6 , motility = 67.5 ± 3.2%, n = 15), and oligoasthenozoospermic (concentration = 5.5 ± 3.21 × 10 6 , motility = 18.5 ± 1.2%, n = 15) samples by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Results Syncytins and their receptors visualized by immunofluorescence showed similar staining patterns with slight staining of the tail in all spermatozoa regardless of normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, or oligoasthenozoospermia. The localization patterns were categorized as equatorial segment, midpiece region, acrosome, and post-acrosomal areas. The combined staining patterns were also detected as acrosomal cap plus post acrosomal region, the midpiece plus equatorial segment, and midpiece plus acrosomal region. However, some sperm cells were categorized as non-stained. Both syncytin proteins were most intensely localized in the midpiece region, while their receptors were predominantly present in the midpiece plus acrosomal region. Conspicuously, syncytins and their receptors showed decreased expression in asthenozospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic samples compared to normozoospermic samples. Conclusion The expression patterns of HERV-derived syncytins and their receptors were identical regardless of the spermatozoa in men with normozoospermia versus impaired semen quality. Further, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia as male fertility issues are associated with decreased expression of both syncytins and their receptors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retroviruses are a diverse family of viruses, which harbor two identical copies of a single-stranded RNA genome [ 1 ]. The hallmark replication strategy of retroviruses involves the reverse transcription of the viral RNA into double-stranded DNA prior to integration into the host cellular genome [ 1 , 2 ]. Among the different genera classified under the Retroviridae family, the Lentivirus genus, which includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), result in immunocompromised conditions, such as the HIV-associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), following an infection [ 1 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hallmark replication strategy of retroviruses involves the reverse transcription of the viral RNA into double-stranded DNA prior to integration into the host cellular genome [ 1 , 2 ]. Among the different genera classified under the Retroviridae family, the Lentivirus genus, which includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), result in immunocompromised conditions, such as the HIV-associated Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), following an infection [ 1 , 3 ]. Activated CD4+ T cells and myeloid lineage cells, such as macrophages and microglia, generally serve as natural target cells of lentiviruses, in which viral reverse transcriptase (RT) catalyzes the chain of events leading to eventual proviral DNA integration [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanistic Interplay between HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Kinetics and Host SAMHD1 Protein: Viral Myeloid-Cell Tropism and Genomic Mutagenesis

Bowen

Kim

2022

Viruses

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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) has been the primary interest among studies on antiviral discovery, viral replication kinetics, drug resistance, and viral evolution. Following infection and entry into target cells, the HIV-1 core disassembles, and the viral RT concomitantly converts the viral RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA, which is integrated into the host genome. The successful completion of the viral life cycle highly depends on the enzymatic DNA polymerase activity of RT. Furthermore, HIV-1 RT has long been known as an error-prone DNA polymerase due to its lack of proofreading exonuclease properties. Indeed, the low fidelity of HIV-1 RT has been considered as one of the key factors in the uniquely high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1, which leads to efficient viral escape from immune and therapeutic antiviral selective pressures. Interestingly, a series of studies on the replication kinetics of HIV-1 in non-dividing myeloid cells and myeloid specific host restriction factor, SAM domain, and HD domain-containing protein, SAMHD1, suggest that the myeloid cell tropism and high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1 are mechanistically connected. Here, we review not only HIV-1 RT as a key antiviral target, but also potential evolutionary and mechanistic crosstalk among the unique enzymatic features of HIV-1 RT, the replication kinetics of HIV-1, cell tropism, viral genetic mutation, and host SAMHD1 protein.

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The diversity and evolution of retroviruses: Perspectives from viral “fossils”

Cited by 18 publications

References 103 publications

Genome Reference Assembly for Bottlenecked Southern Australian Koalas

Genome Reference Assembly for Bottlenecked Southern Australian Koalas

A comprehensive investigation of human endogenous retroviral syncytin proteins and their receptors in men with normozoospermia and impaired semen quality

Mechanistic Interplay between HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Kinetics and Host SAMHD1 Protein: Viral Myeloid-Cell Tropism and Genomic Mutagenesis

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