The Distribution of Sodium and Potassium in Oxygenated Human Blood and Their Effects Upon the Movements of Water Between Cells and Plasma

Hald, Pauline M.; Tulin, Maurice; Danowski, T. S.; Lavietes, Paul H.; Peters, John P.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1947.149.2.340

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Table II gives the volume ratio under isotonic conditions, V,o/V,,, for red cells from 6 different individuals each determined in duplicate or triplicate In this case, the isotonic suspension medium was the cells' own plasma. The mean water content of 0.717 ml H 2 0/ml cells agrees well with the value of 0.722 gm H 2 0/ml cells found by Hald et al (11). The mean value was therefore used in calculations for the first three experiments, in which V, 0 /V, was not directly measured.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Osmotic Properties of Human Red Cells

Savitz

Sidel

Solomon

1964

The Journal of General Physiology

187

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A BST R A CT The hematocrit method as a technique for determining red cell volume under anisotonic conditions has been reexamined and has been shown, with appropriate corrections for trapped plasma, to provide a true measure of cell volume. Cell volume changes in response to equilibration in anisotonic media were found to be much less than those predicted for an ideal osmometer; this anomalous behavior cannot be explained by solute leakage or by the changing osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin, but is quantitatively accounted for by the hypothesis that 20 per cent of intracellular water is bound to hemoglobin and is unavailable for participation in osmotic shifts.When the chemical potential of the water surrounding a red cell is altered, the cell responds by a shift in volume. The magnitude of this shift provides important clues concerning the state of solvent and solute within the ceil. Dick and Lowenstein (1) and Hendry (2) have challenged the long standing observation (3) that a portion of the water of red cells does not appear to take part in these osmotic responses. We have therefore reexamined the hematocrit method, on which most of the earlier work had been based, as a method for measuring cell volume. Our results show that this method provides an accurate estimate of cell volume, even under anisotonic conditions, so long as suitable corrections are made for the medium trapped in the cell column. We have also made new measurements of the osmotic behavior of red cells. The change in red cell water content is less than expected on an ideal basis, an observation we have attributed to the layer of water of hydration surrounding the protein, called "bound water" by Perutz (4), rather than to changes in the osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin with protein concentration as suggested by Maizels and McConaghey (5) and others. I. EVALUATION OF THE HEMATOCRIT METHODIn order to evaluate the hematocrit method, it is necessary to compare the results obtained by this technique with volumes determined by an independent procedure. Isotope dilution has been chosen for this purpose, a method which depends only on volume measurements of the total suspension and the medium and therefore is not influenced by the means of separating 79

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Osmotic Properties of Human Red Cells

Savitz

Sidel

Solomon

1964

The Journal of General Physiology

187

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“…From in vitro blood cell studies it would appear that even a large concentration gradient in serum is not a sufficient impetus for the entry of potassium into cells, if metabolic processes are held in abeyance (24). Transfers of lesser magnitude are known to occur in association with metabolic activities without an exogenous supply of potassium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfers of Cell Sodium and Potassium in Experimental and Clinical Conditions 1

Elkinton¹,

Winkler²,

Danowski³

1948

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…The alternative viewpoint has recently been expressed by Krogh (23) and Hald et al (24). They consider that the potassium within cells is free, and that its concentration there is not an equilibrium but a "steady state."…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Temperature on Potassium Equilibria in Chick Embryo Muscle

Wesson

Cohn

Brues

1949

Journal of General Physiology

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Cohn and Brues (2) have described a technique employing radioactive isotopes by means of which the rate of exchange of potassium and phosphate ions between the intra-and extracellular phases of tissue cultures could be measured. In the present paper, this technique is employed to study rates of exchange of potassium in chick embryo muscle cultures at different temperatures, and also to study the effect of lowering temperature on the total amount of potassium contained within the cells of cultures. Methods and CalculationsMinced leg muscle taken from chick embryos of 9 to 11 days' incubation was explanted in a thin plasma dot on the window of a roller bottle, as described by Shaw, Kingsland, and Brues (3). The medium consisted of 4 ml. of modified Baker's peptone medium (4). The explant was allowed to incubate overnight at 37°C. to permit injured ceils to repair or disintegrate. At the start of an experiment, the medium was exchanged for one containing radioactive potassium (K4~), but otherwise of identical composition. Radioactivity in the culture was measured at 15 to 60 minute intervals by means of a Lauritsen dectroscope or Geiger-Muller counter placed opposite the window of the culture bottle. The direct measurements of radioactivity external to the window were used to determine the actual amount of K 42 in the cultured cells during the course of the experiment, by a method described previously (2). At the end of the experiment, the medium was withdrawn and, when necessary, activity measurements were made and total potassium determined on the medium. When tissue analyses were desired, the tissue was washed twice in situ by gentle rocking with 0.85 per cent saline solution for 15 seconds, then removed, ashed with nitric acid, and analyzed for radioactivity and potassium content. Total potassium was determined according to the method of Shohl and Bennett (5) as modified by Hald (6). From these final analyses, the relative specific activity (SA) of the tissue mass at the termination of the experiment was determined, and its specific activity during the course of the experiment was calculated from the readings. Determinations of the rate of radioactive potassium uptake were made at 37 °, 26 °, 15 °, 10 °, and 5 °.

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The Distribution of Sodium and Potassium in Oxygenated Human Blood and Their Effects Upon the Movements of Water Between Cells and Plasma

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Osmotic Properties of Human Red Cells

Osmotic Properties of Human Red Cells

Transfers of Cell Sodium and Potassium in Experimental and Clinical Conditions 1

The Effect of Temperature on Potassium Equilibria in Chick Embryo Muscle

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