The distribution of cholinesterase in the frog brain

Shen, Shih‐Chang; Greenfield, Phyllis; Boell, E. J.

doi:10.1002/cne.901020307

Cited by 115 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The NI was consistently intensely stained at all stages (e.g., fig. 4D), confirming previous results [Shen et al, 1955] and demonstrating the reliability of our staining protocol. Cranial motor nuclei were also intensely stained in all tissue (intensity values between 97-100%).…”

Section: Acetylcholinesterase Histochemistrysupporting

confidence: 80%

Development and Differentiation of the Anuran Auditory Brainstem during Metamorphosis: An Acetylcholinesterase Histochemical Study

Kumaresan

Kang²,

Simmons³

1998

Brain Behav Evol

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The time course of cell differentiation and the presence of histochemically defined areas in brainstem auditory nuclei were examined in developing bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, using cresyl violet staining and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. In the medulla, the dorsolateral nucleus (DLN) can be seen as a distinct structure in its adult location only at Gosner stage 40 and beyond. The majority of cells in the DLN are not fully differentiated until late metamorphic climax (stages 45–46) and early postmetamorphosis. The more ventral vestibular nucleus differentiates earlier (stage 37) than the DLN. Adult-like organization of auditory nuclei in the torus semicircularis (TS) of the midbrain cannot be reliably discerned until metamorphic climax stages. Cellular masses in the brainstem reveal AChE from the earliest stage examined (stage 27) but the intensity of staining differs among cell groups. Staining intensity in the DLN is at a peak in recently metamorphosed froglets. The time course of cell differentiation in the DLN precedes slightly or is coincident with the increased, transient presence of AChE. Staining of the superior olive stabilizes at a moderate level in early postmetamorphic stages. Ventral regions of the principal nucleus in the TS stain more intensely than dorsal regions beginning at stage 40. This dorsal-ventral gradient in staining persists in adult stages. There is a transient decline in staining of the laminar nucleus in metamorphic climax stages. Staining intensity in the magnocellular nucleus peaks during stages 40–46 and in early postmetamorphic froglets and then declines in adults, paralleling the pattern seen in the DLN. These data suggest that metamorphic climax and early froglet periods are an important developmental window for major differentiation and maturational events in the auditory brainstem.

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Section: Acetylcholinesterase Histochemistrysupporting

confidence: 80%

Development and Differentiation of the Anuran Auditory Brainstem during Metamorphosis: An Acetylcholinesterase Histochemical Study

Kumaresan

Kang²,

Simmons³

1998

Brain Behav Evol

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“…The isthmic nucleus is the most conspicuous ChATir cell group in the isthmus of anurans (Desan et al, 1987;Marín et al, 1997a), which is in line with AChE studies (Shen et al, 1955;Kumaresan et al, 1998). In Xenopus, these cells are ChATir by stage 50, slightly earlier than tectoisthmal projections are established (Udin and Fisher, 1985).…”

Section: Development Of Cholinergic Systems: Comparative Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis

López

Smeets

González

2002

J of Comparative Neurology

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The spatiotemporal sequence of the appearance of cholinergic structures in the brain of Xenopus laevis during development was studied by means of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. The first ChAT labeling in the central nervous system of Xenopus was obtained at late embryonic stages in the spinal motoneurons, the cranial nerve motor nuclei of the brainstem, and in amacrine cells of the retina. During premetamorphosis, these cholinergic structures maturated significantly and new ChAT-immunoreactive cells were observed in several other nuclei such as the solitary tract nucleus, isthmic nucleus, laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, epiphysis, dorsal habenular nucleus, medial amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and dorsal pallidum. Further maturation continued through prometamorphosis and the climax of the metamorphosis together with the appearance of new cell groups in the efferent octaval nucleus, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, anterior preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and medial septum. Transient expression of ChAT was only seen in the large Mauthner cells that showed moderate ChAT labeling during pre- and prometamorphosis but became immunonegative at the end of the metamorphosis. The gradual appearance, in general from caudal to rostral brain levels, of ChAT immunoreactivity in Xenopus, was correlated with other developmental events to get insight into the possible roles of acetylcholine during ontogeny. Comparison with the developmental pattern of cholinergic systems in other vertebrates shows that Xenopus possesses abundant features in common with amniotes, suggesting a conservative developmental plan for tetrapods.

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“…The strong cholinesterase activity in the apteronotid nucleus isthmi corresponds to the pattern of cholinesterase staining in amphibians [Caine and Gruberg, 1985;Shen et al, 1955]; this enzyme has not been localized in other teleosts. In amphibians, the isthmotectal projection is believed to be cholinergic, and the nucleus isthmi may also receive cholinergic inputs [Felix et al, 1985;Ricciuti and Gruberg, 1985].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, in amphibia the nu cleus isthmi is also typically identified on the basis of its intense cholinesterase stain ing [Caine and Gruberg, 1985;Shen et al, 1955].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Nucleus isthmi in the Weakly Electric Fish <i>Apteronotus leptorhynchus </i>(Gymnotiformes)

Sas¹,

Maler²

1986

Brain Behav Evol

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The nucleus isthmi of teleost fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, and its probable homologue, the nucleus parabigeminalis of mammals, share in common certain features such as location in the dorsal tegmentum and reciprocal connectivity with the optic tectum. In gymnotid fish the nucleus isthmi is located dorsolaterally in the brainstem tegmentum, ventral to the torus semicircularis and the lateral mesencephalic reticular area and dorsal to the rostral nucleus praeeminentialis. The nucleus isthmi has an ovoid shape, with a compact cellular part on its dorsal, medial and ventral aspects surrounding a hilar region with a sparse population of larger cells. Following wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase injections into the optic tectum, anterogradely labeled fine terminals were observed leaving the tectobulbar tract and entering the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi via its laterally facing hilar region. Retrogradely labeled cells were present in the nucleus isthmi on both sides, indicating the presence of a bilateral isthmotectal projection similar to that reported in amphibians. The putative isthmal nucleus stains densely for acetylcholinesterase. Based on the similarity of its location, shape, cholinesterase histochemistry and reciprocal connectivity with the optic tectum, we identified this structure as the nucleus isthmi of gymnotids. An interesting observation of this study was that the nucleus isthmi, in addition to receiving fine terminals from the optic tectum, is also the recipient of a sparser population of thicker-caliber afferent fibers which terminate not only in the large-celled hilar region but also within the smaller-celled component of the nucleus; this projection appears to emanate from the torus semicircularis dorsalis.

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The distribution of cholinesterase in the frog brain

Cited by 115 publications

References 12 publications

Development and Differentiation of the Anuran Auditory Brainstem during Metamorphosis: An Acetylcholinesterase Histochemical Study

Development and Differentiation of the Anuran Auditory Brainstem during Metamorphosis: An Acetylcholinesterase Histochemical Study

Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the developing brain of Xenopus laevis

Identification of a Nucleus isthmi in the Weakly Electric Fish <i>Apteronotus leptorhynchus </i>(Gymnotiformes)

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