The distribution of blood flow between individual muscles and non‐muscular tissues in the hind limb of the young ox (Bos taurus): values at thermoneurality and during exposuer to cold.

Abstract

SUMMARY1. The radioactive microspheres method was used to measure the distribution of blood flow in the hind leg in conscious young steers exposed to thermoneutral and moderately cold environments. Simultaneous measurement of total leg blood flow allowed calculation of blood flow (ml. 100 g tissue-' min-') to individual muscles and the major non-muscular tissues in the leg.2. In the thermoneutral environment, leg blood flow was distributed approximately according to tissue weight, so that about 65 % went to muscle and the remainder to bone, skin, connective tissue and fat; 1-7-11*5 % of the injected dose of microspheres was found in the lungs, indicating the presence of functioning arteriovenous anastomoses in the leg.3. During cold exposure leg blood flow increased two-and-a-half fold and 91 % of this increase was due to increased blood flow in muscle. This was accompanied by substantial decreases in both total and capillary blood flow in leg skin in three of the four animals.4. Values for resting tissue blood flow to the six largest individual leg muscles were compared, as well as that for tissue blood flow to the remaining leg muscle. Blood flow in the three large upper thigh muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) was about half that in muscles in the rest of the leg.

Use of tracer microspheres to measure bone blood flow in conscious dogs

“…This conclusion agrees with previous physiologic studies that indicate functionally parallel circulations to these two tissues [4]. Microspheres have been used to measure blood flow in bone [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or as part of a larger project [12][13][14][15] without knowledge of marrow-bone relationships, effects of catheter siting or positioning of the dog, or percentage of entrapment of microspheres.…”

Application of infrared thermography as an indicator of heat and methane production and its use in the study of skin temperature in response to physiological events in dairy cattle (Bos taurus)

“…after milking, changing from less than 0.5 to over 2.0 L/min. In another study, Bell et al (1976) found that the blood supply to the hind limb increased during shivering. However, the blood supply to the leg skin decreased substantially in both total and capillary blood flow.…”

Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone on Milk Production and Nutrient Uptake by Muscle and Mammary Tissues of Dairy Cows in Mid-lactation

“…The catheter in the deep femoral vein was inserted, via the lateral saphenous vein, so the tip was located adjacent to the pelvic symphysis (c. 70 cm from the junction of the caudal and cranial branches of the lateral saphenous vein). This catheter was located in a position to allow collection of blood draining predominantly muscle tissue (see Bell et al 1976), whereas the catheter in the mammary vein allowed collection of mixed mammary venous blood. Catheters were filled with sterile heparinized saline (2'5 x 10 5 i.u.…”