The Disinfection of Drinking Water

Dakin, H.D.; Dunham, Edward K.

doi:10.1097/00000441-191708000-00003

Cited by 5 publications

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“…"Halazone" was first prepared and named by Dakin and Dunham (1917). According to "New and Nonofficial Remedies" (1931) the dosage to sterilize one liter of water is 0.004 t0 0.008 Gram of halazone in the form of tablets containing sodium carbonate (or sodium borate) and sodium chloride.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Peninsula of Yucatan: Medical, Biological, Meteorological and Sociological Studies.

1933

JAMA

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This is the period of the true Mayan Renaissance. Under the peaceful conditions and general prosperity brought about by the league, art and archi tecture revived.Great buildings of cut stone, elaborately decorated with sculptures, were put up on every side.No town or village was so small and unimportant as not to boast its pyramid-temple and chief's house built of stone.It was in every sense a true Renaissance, and under its quickening influence the Mayan esthetic instinct blossomed forth anew."Chichen Itza does not seem to have felt this stimulation as strongly as her sister state, Uxmal, for example, although there are a number of buildings at the Itzan capital which date from this periodthe Akab'tzib (House of the Dark Writing), the Chichanchob (Red House), the House of the Deer, and parts of the Monjas (nunnery)in fact, most of the middle section of the city, that part lying south and west of the Group of the Thousand Columns."But not yet had Chichen Itza reached her greatest development, her crown ing glory as the Holy City of the Maya. This was not to come until another turn in the wheel of fate had brought her under the heel of a foreign conqueror and the Itzan people had been made to feel the gall and bitterness of foreign rulers and a foreign religion."In 1201 a.d. the political structure of the peninsula was shaken to its foundations and the League of Mayapan violently disrupted by war within itself.In that year Hunnac Ceel, the ruler of Mayapan, made war upon Chac Xib Chac (the Very Red Man), the Itzan luler, because of 'certain banquetings with the ruler of Izamal,' according to one of the chronicles (we should, perhaps, read here conspiracies), and by the aid of Toltec-Aztec allies from central Mexico inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Holy Men of the Itza."The chronicles do not enlighten us further as to what end overtook the 'Very Red Man.' Perhaps he fell fighting bravely, as his name might imply, in the defense of his capital. Concerning the fate of the city itself, however, arche ology leaves us in little doubt. From this time onward until its final abandon ment, in 1448, Chichen Itza was held in thrall by foreign rulers, the Toltec-Aztec allies of Hunnac Ceel."This foreign influence from the distant Vale of Anahuac gave to the city not only new rulers, but also new customs, new esthetic inspirations, a new architecture, even a new religion, all of which reacted powerfully upon the Itza people and raised their capital to a position of honor and sanctity never enjoyed by it or any other Mayan city before or since."The conquerors brought with them the worship of the fair golden-haired god, Quetzalcoatl, the 'Feathered Serpent.'Removed to Chichen Itza, this Toltec Zeus became Kukulcan, a direct Mayan translation of Quetzalcoatl; and presently all over the northern part of the city, which dates principally from this last period, temples and sanctuaries were rising to the new god, all adorned with highly realistic representations of the Feathered Serpentin columns, balus trades, cornices, and bas-r...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Peninsula of Yucatan: Medical, Biological, Meteorological and Sociological Studies.

1933

JAMA

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“…"Halazone" was first prepared and named by Dakin and Dunham (1917). According to "New and Nonofficial Remedies" (1931) In general, it was possible to destroy all lactose fermenting organisms in a liter of the selected water by treatment lasting a full hour with four to six tablets of either compound.…”

Section: Serological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Peninsula of Yucatan: Medical, Biological, Meteorological, and Sociological Studies

Shattuck¹,

Bequaert²

1934

The Geographical Journal

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A street; patio showing fowls and pigs; wells in patio; family washtub 30. Primitive sanitation Chapter VII 31. Chichen Itza. Hacienda; old chapel; the Casa Principal; guest house built by Carnegie Institution of Washington; hospital 32. Health preservers; fresh vegetables and vegetable gardens 33. Chichen Itza. Clinics. Dr. Goodner in Piste 34. Village Maya. Mayan types. Children at Ticimul. Group at Yula 138 Chapter VIII 35. Modes of travel. Porters carrying equipment to Chankom. Dr. Sandground at Chankom 36. Scenes at Chankom. Sr. Alfonso Villa 37. Teachers and scholars among the Maya 38. Huts in Mayan villages 39. Mayan village water supplies 40. The Poot family of Tekom. Sr. Capitan Primero Don Filomeno Poot. New house of Spanish type • 155 41. Mayan industry. Henequen fiber; women of Tekom making cord for ham mocks; Mayan beehives at Chankom 155 42. Chichimila. A public well; a great ceiba tree; a cantina; streets and huts. ... Chapter IX 43. Travel in Quintana Roo. Inn at Chancenote; inn at Sacalaca; camping place at Saban 179 44. The Colonia Santa Maria. The Casa Principal; individual houses of em ployees; shacks in the back yards; forest behind the Casa Principal 45. Puerto Morelos 46. Church at Tituc; camping place; side wall of the church; interior. The holy image 179 47. Huts in Quintana Roo. Hut at Xyatil 48. The Comandante and his village. Sr. Comandante Don Angelino Balam. House of the Comandante ■ 49. Quintana Roo. Guide on journey to Xpichil. Mr. Bennett. Maya at camp in Xpichil. The arriero with mules loaded with fodder cut in the bush from a tree called Yaxnik, "green ear." 50. Saban. The cathedral; the cuartel; ruined houses Chapter X 51. Lacadones of Chiapas Chapter XIII 52. Children at Nicteha 53. Chronic arthritis, unclassified ILLUSTRATIONS xiii FOLLOWING Chapter XV page 54. Ulcerative lesions 333 55. Organisms in chiclero ulcer 333 56. Organisms in chiclero ulcer Chapter XVII 57. Various kinds of water supply Chapter XVIII 58. Two cases of Pinta 59. Vitiligo. Case No. 362, Chichen Itza 384 Chapter XXII 60. Progreso. Swampy land; sanitary inspector and oiler; buzzards 61. Chichen Itza and vicinity. School children of Xocenpich; outdoor clinic at Xocenpich; laboratory work; the Presidente of Piste 464 62. Valladolid and Muna. Clinic quarters. Mestizas in Indian dress 464 63. Temax and Buctzotz.

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“…In their extensive study of a large number of compounds and mixtures containing free or available chlorine as antiseptics Dakin and his coworkers (4,14,15) found that the compound p-dichloraminosulfon benzoic acid can be used as a small scale water disinfectant. This compound is now on the market under the name "halazone;" it is put up in tablets, each for the treatment of a quart or a liter of water; each tablet contains 4 mgm, of that compound.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Bleaching powder (calcium chloro-hypochlorite) in the form of the ordinary grades (titer 30 to 35 per cent available chlorine) has been found definitely wanting in the second characteristic, stability (9,10). p-dichloraminosulfon benzoic acid, "halazone," has the first characteristic to an imperfect degree, reacting so slowly with water that it has been found necessary to put in its tablets a quantity equal to the weight of that compound, of sodium carbonate or of sodium borate, in order to make its solubility in water near a practical degree (15). Sodium toluene p-sulfonchloramide, chloramine-T, the water soluble wound disinfectant developed by Dakin and coworkers (14), has too slow a bactericidal action (4) to be of any use as a water disinfectant.…”

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Succinchlorimide for the Treatment of Small Quantities of Potable Water

Wood¹

1928

Journal AWWA

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The purpose of the work here reported was to find, if possible, a water disinfectant suitable for small scale preparation of potable water that would be an improvement on the disinfectant used in the present official Army method for the preparation of potable water in the field. The work to date is reported because of the appointment of a joint board representing both the Chemical Warfare Service and the Medical Department to continue. that search. HISTORICAL A full account of the development of the various methods used to render water potable in quantities both large and small would be beyond the scope of this article. For such an account the reader is referred to the excellent work of Mason (1); a shorter account, dealing more in detail with the chlorine-containing compounds used in such work, is to be found in the book by Race (2). An excellent recent work discussing water disinfection is that by Buswell (3).Suffice it to say that the discovery of the bacterial origin of many of our common diseases and the part played in the spread of these diseases by water and food resulted in the development of large scale methods for the destruction of harmful bacteria in order that large water supplies might be delivered to the users in potable form. At the same time the purification of small supplies and of small quantities of water became urgent. The armies of the civilized nations realized the need of such methods for the purification of water supplies in large and small camps and also out in the field, away from permanent and semi-permanent camps.The methods of use in the small scale purification of water are fully described and discussed in texts on hygiene, sanitation and related

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The Disinfection of Drinking Water

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Peninsula of Yucatan: Medical, Biological, Meteorological and Sociological Studies.

The Peninsula of Yucatan: Medical, Biological, Meteorological and Sociological Studies.

The Peninsula of Yucatan: Medical, Biological, Meteorological, and Sociological Studies

Succinchlorimide for the Treatment of Small Quantities of Potable Water

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