The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy?

Zhang, Shunchuan; Rabkin, Samuel D.

doi:10.1080/17460441.2021.1850689

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 179 publications

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“…The potential therapeutic role of viruses in particular was further established in the late 1890s by an observation that a “flu-like” disease associated with diffuse inflammation coincided with reducing tumor cells in a leukemic patient. Beginning 1949, many clinical trials were undertaken using different types of wild-type non-attenuated viruses [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Shortly thereafter, the trend in the OV field evolved to exploiting genetically modified viruses with less pathogenicity to humans, such as live attenuated vaccines.…”

Section: Oncolytic Virus: Multi-mechanistic Cancer Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncolytic Viruses: Newest Frontier for Cancer Immunotherapy

Rahman

McFadden

2021

Cancers

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Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite many signs of progress, currently available cancer treatments often do not provide desired outcomes for too many cancers. Therefore, newer and more effective therapeutic approaches are needed. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a novel cancer treatment modality, which selectively targets and kills cancer cells while sparing normal ones. In the past several decades, many different OV candidates have been developed and tested in both laboratory settings as well as in cancer patient clinical trials. Many approaches have been taken to overcome the limitations of OVs, including engineering OVs to selectively activate anti-tumor immune responses. However, newer approaches like the combination of OVs with current immunotherapies to convert “immune-cold” tumors to “immune-hot” will almost certainly improve the potency of OVs. Here, we discuss strategies that are explored to further improve oncolytic virotherapy.

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Section: Oncolytic Virus: Multi-mechanistic Cancer Therapeuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncolytic Viruses: Newest Frontier for Cancer Immunotherapy

Rahman

McFadden

2021

Cancers

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“…OVs are replication-competent viruses of either natural origin or genetically-engineered to selectively infect, replicate in, and kill cancer cells, but not normal cells [ 9 ]. Many pathogenic and non-pathogenic DNA and RNA viruses have been developed as OVs, and shown significant therapeutic promise preclinically and for some patients in clinical trials [ 9 , 10 ]. Immunovirotherapy, OV-mediated immunotherapy of cancer, is at the forefront of these investigations due to advances in our understanding of tumor and virus immunology [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Oncolytic Viruses (Ovs) and In Situ Cancer Vaccination (Iscv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many pathogenic and non-pathogenic DNA and RNA viruses have been developed as OVs, and shown significant therapeutic promise preclinically and for some patients in clinical trials [ 9 , 10 ]. Immunovirotherapy, OV-mediated immunotherapy of cancer, is at the forefront of these investigations due to advances in our understanding of tumor and virus immunology [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Arming OVs by inserting therapeutic transgenes into the viral genome for localized expression in the tumor combines gene therapy with virotherapy and can alter an immune-suppressive TME into an immunologically active one [ 12 ].…”

Section: Oncolytic Viruses (Ovs) and In Situ Cancer Vaccination (Iscv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Cancer Vaccination and Immunovirotherapy Using Oncolytic HSV

Jahan

Ghouse

Martuza

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be genetically altered to acquire oncolytic properties so that oncolytic HSV (oHSV) preferentially replicates in and kills cancer cells, while sparing normal cells, and inducing anti-tumor immune responses. Over the last three decades, a better understanding of HSV genes and functions, and improved genetic-engineering techniques led to the development of oHSV as a novel immunovirotherapy. The concept of in situ cancer vaccination (ISCV) was first introduced when oHSV was found to induce a specific systemic anti-tumor immune response with an abscopal effect on non-injected tumors, in the process of directly killing tumor cells. Thus, the use of oHSV for tumor vaccination in situ is antigen-agnostic. The research and development of oHSVs have moved rapidly, with the field of oncolytic viruses invigorated by the FDA/EMA approval of oHSV talimogene laherparepvec in 2015 for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunovirotherapy can be enhanced by arming oHSV with immunomodulatory transgenes and/or using them in combination with other chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents. This review offers an overview of the development of oHSV as an agent for ISCV against solid tumors, describing the multitude of different oHSVs and their efficacy in immunocompetent mouse models and in clinical trials.

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“…An emerging option in cancer immunotherapy is represented by oncolytic viruses [111]. These virus particles are engineered to have a tropism for cancer cells and, by exerting a cytolytic effect, they potentiate the immune response [112].…”

Section: The Next Level: Novel Targets For Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

HCC and Molecular Targeting Therapies: Back to the Future

et al. 2021

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of death from cancer in the world. Recently, the effectiveness of new antiviral therapies and the HBV vaccine have reduced HCC’s incidence, while non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis is an emerging risk factor. This review focuses on antiangiogenic molecules and immune checkpoint inhibitors approved for HCC treatment and possible future approaches. Sorafenib was the first drug approved for the treatment of advanced HCC (aHCC) and it has been shown to increase survival by a few months. Lenvatinib, a multikinase inhibitor, has shown non-inferiority in survival compared with sorafenib and an improvement in progression-free survival (PFS). The combination of atezolizumab (an anti-PDL1 antibody) and bevacizumab (an anti-VEGF antibody) was the first drug combination approved for HCC, demonstrating improved survival compared with sorafenib (19.2 vs. 13.4 months). As a second line of therapy, three regimens (regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab) have been approved for the treatment of aHCC after progression on sorafenib according to guidelines. Furthermore, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab plus ipilimumab have been approved by the FDA (2017, 2018, and 2020, respectively). Finally, immune target therapy, cancer vaccines, and epigenetic drugs represent three new possible weapons for the treatment of HCC.

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The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy?

Cited by 28 publications

References 179 publications

Oncolytic Viruses: Newest Frontier for Cancer Immunotherapy

Oncolytic Viruses: Newest Frontier for Cancer Immunotherapy

In Situ Cancer Vaccination and Immunovirotherapy Using Oncolytic HSV

HCC and Molecular Targeting Therapies: Back to the Future

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