The direct health care costs of obesity in the United States.

Allison, David B.; Zannolli, Raffaella; Narayan, K.M. Venkat

doi:10.2105/ajph.89.8.1194

Cited by 205 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…10 As a result, both the direct and indirect costs due to obesity for a society are huge. 11 For the control of the epidemic of obesity one of the major questions is: which are the factors causing the upward trends in obesity? Increasing trends in sedentary lifestyle 12,13 and possibly also in smoking cessation [14][15][16] have contributed to the epidemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in obesity and energy supply in the WHO MONICA Project

Silventoinen

Sans²,

Tolonen³

et al. 2004

Int J Obes

226

151

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between secular trends in energy supply and body mass index (BMI) among several countries. DESIGN: Aggregate level analyses of annually reported country food data against anthropometric data collected in independent cross-sectional samples from 34 populations in 21 countries from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. SUBJECTS: Population randomly selected participants aged 35-64 y. MEASUREMENTS: BMI data were obtained from the WHO MONICA Project. Food energy supply data were derived from the Food Balance Sheet of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. RESULTS: Mean BMI as well as the prevalence of overweight (BMI Z25 kg/m 2 ) increased in virtually all Western European countries, Australia, the USA, and China. Decreasing trends in BMI were seen in Central and Eastern European countries. Increasing trends in total energy supply per capita were found in most high-income countries and China while decreasing trends existed in Eastern European countries. Between country differences in temporal trends of total energy supply per capita explained 41% of the variation of trends in mean BMI; the effect was similar upon the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Trends in percent of energy supply from total fat per capita had a slight effect on the trends in mean BMI ( þ 7% increment in R 2 ) when the total energy supply per capita was adjusted for, while energy supply from total sweeteners per capita had no additional effect. CONCLUSION: Increasing energy supply is closely associated with the increase of overweight and obesity in western countries. This emphasizes the importance of dietary issues when coping with the obesity epidemic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in obesity and energy supply in the WHO MONICA Project

Silventoinen

Sans²,

Tolonen³

et al. 2004

Int J Obes

226

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3,4 These cost estimations would be approximately 25% lower if the relationship between obesity and mortality had been taken into account. 5 Obesity-related cost calculations are usually based on fractions of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases and disabilities that are attributable to obesity. 6 These 'population attributable fractions' estimations depend on relative risks of obesity for different diseases and disabilities and also on the prevalence of obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity among Dutch men and women

2002

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OBJECTIVE: To describe long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity by age and educational level. (1993 -1997). MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index, ie weight divided by height squared. RESULTS: Between 1976 and 1997 the prevalence of obesity increased from 4.9 to 8.5% among men and from 6.2 to 9.3% among women aged 37 -43 y. Between 1993 and 1997, the prevalence of obesity among men aged 20 -59 y was 8.5% and increased by 0.54 percentage points per year (P < 0.01). The prevalence of obesity among women was 9.6% and increased by 0.35 percentage points per year (P ¼ 0.07). The increase in the prevalence of obesity in the period 1993 -1997 was strongest in men with a relatively low educational level and in women with a high educational level. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a steady increase in the prevalence of obesity in the last quarter of the 20th century. Also, a recent increase in the prevalence of obesity has been seen. To stop the increase in the prevalence of obesity, effective strategies for the management and prevention of obesity need to be developed.

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“…Obesity and related co-morbidities have public health as well as economic implications (4,5) . Because of this high prevalence, public health personnel and medical professionals emphasize the importance of consuming a healthy diet (6) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting fruit and vegetable school lunch waste in Wisconsin elementary schools participating in Farm to School programmes

Yoder

Foecke

Schoeller

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine characteristics potentially associated with school lunch fruit and vegetable waste, both overall and pre/post implementation of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act. Design: Multi-year (2010Multi-year ( -2013 cross-sectional study using pre-and post-meal digital photographs of students' school lunch trays to estimate fruit and vegetable availability and consumption. Fruit and vegetable items were categorized for factors suspected to impact waste: prior farm to school years, placement (main menu, salad bar), procurement (local, conventional), preparation (cooked, raw) and meal component (entrée, side, topping). Analyses to assess within-category differences in waste volume were performed using a Tobit model. Setting: Wisconsin elementary schools participating in farm to school programmes, USA. Subjects: Children in third to fifth grade. Results: Many within-factor differences were detected overall and/or across time. Cooked fruits were wasted less than raw, while cooked vegetables were wasted more than raw. Where identified, locally sourced items were wasted more than conventionally sourced (+0·1 cups, P < 0·0001) and salad bar items more than main menu items (+0·01 cups, P < 0·0001). Increasing prior farm to school years decreased waste (−0·02 cups, P < 0·0001). Items previously tried were wasted at the same volume whether reported as liked or not. New school lunch meal pattern requirement implementation did not uniformly impact fruit and vegetable waste across all categories and there was no change in waste for seven of fifteen assessed categories. Conclusions: Many factors impact elementary students' school lunch waste. These factors may be helpful for school food-service authorities to consider when planning school menus. Keywords Fruits and vegetables School lunch Food wasteThe prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has grown over the past three decades, recently reaching 17 % (1-3) , over half of the adult obesity prevalence rate, which stood at nearly 36 % in 2009-2010 (3) . Obesity and related co-morbidities have public health as well as economic implications (4,5) . Because of this high prevalence, public health personnel and medical professionals emphasize the importance of consuming a healthy diet (6) . Few children meet consumption recommendations for fruit and vegetables (F&V) (7) . One strategy hypothesized to help achieve this is improving the quality of school meals. These efforts include promoting increased consumption of low-energy-density foods such as F&V which, on the basis of high water and fibre content, alongside their low fat content, collectively yield larger bulk and low energy density. Although the positive effects of low-energy-dense food have been demonstrated in adults (8) , the data are somewhat inconsistent, particularly among children (9)(10)(11) . While many factors influence dietary preferences and habits, encouraging children to consume recommended amounts of F&V is often part of programming conducted in schools (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17...

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The direct health care costs of obesity in the United States.

Abstract: Obesity is increasingly prevalent in the United States

Cited by 205 publications

References 15 publications

Trends in obesity and energy supply in the WHO MONICA Project

Trends in obesity and energy supply in the WHO MONICA Project

Long-term and recent time trends in the prevalence of obesity among Dutch men and women

Factors affecting fruit and vegetable school lunch waste in Wisconsin elementary schools participating in Farm to School programmes

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