The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Halim) in New Zealand coastal waters: comparative morphology, toxicity and molecular genetics

MacKenzie, Lincoln; Salas, Miguel de; Adamson, Janet; Beuzenberg, Veronica

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.09.001

Cited by 100 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The third group of the cluster, group 4, consists of isolates from New Zealand that were not further investigated here. Material from this area has, however, been documented extensively (MacKenzie et al 1996(MacKenzie et al , 2004) and the respective analyses indicate high morphological similarity with groups 5 and 6 isolates and the A. ostenfeldii morphotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both A. ostenfeldii and A. peruvianum are now regularly encountered in field surveys and monitoring programs worldwide (MacKenzie et al 2004, Gribble et al 2005, Nagai et al 2010, Brown et al 2010, Touzet et al 2011. Dense blooms associated with toxins have been reported from Peru (Sanchez et al 2004), the estuaries of the U.S. east coast (Borkman et al 2012) and the Baltic Sea (Witek 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in theAlexandrium ostenfeldii(Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities

Kremp

Tahvanainen

Litaker

et al. 2013

Journal of Phycology

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Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech and Tangen and A. peruvianum (Balech and B.R. Mendiola) Balech and Tangen are morphologically closely related dinoflagellates known to produce potent neurotoxins. Together with Gonyaulax dimorpha Biecheler, they constitute the A. ostenfeldii species complex. Due to the subtle differences in the morphological characters used to differentiate these species, unambiguous species identification has proven problematic. To better understand the species boundaries within the A. ostenfeldii complex we compared rDNA data, morphometric characters and toxin profiles of multiple cultured isolates from different geographic regions. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences from cultures characterized as A. ostenfeldii or A. peruvianum formed a monophyletic clade consisting of six distinct groups. Each group examined contained strains morphologically identified as either A. ostenfeldii or A. peruvianum. Though key morphological characters were generally found to be highly variable and not consistently distributed, selected plate features and toxin profiles differed significantly among phylogenetic clusters. Additional sequence analyses revealed a lack of compensatory base changes in ITS2 rRNA structure, low to intermediate ITS/5.8S uncorrected genetic distances, and evidence of reticulation. Together these data (criteria currently used for species delineation in dinoflagellates) imply that the A. ostenfeldii complex should be regarded a single genetically structured species until more material and alternative criteria for species delimitation are available. Consequently, we propose that A. peruvianum is a heterotypic synonym of A. ostenfeldii and this taxon name should be discontinued.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in theAlexandrium ostenfeldii(Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities

Kremp

Tahvanainen

Litaker

et al. 2013

Journal of Phycology

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“…It was first reported from North America by Band-Schmidt et al (2003) from Bahía Concepción, Gulf of California, and was germinated from cysts from this same location by Morquecho and Lechuga-Devéze (2003). The species has also been reported from the Pacific coastal waters of New Zealand (Mackenzie et al 2004) and Russia (Selina and Morozova 2005).…”

Section: Alexandrium Margalefii and Bioluminescencementioning

confidence: 81%

“…This makes species identification of members of this genus critical. MacKenzie et al (2004) and Hallegraeff et al (1991; as Alexandrium sp.) did not detect STX in A. margalefii during their studies.…”

Section: Alexandrium Margalefii and Bioluminescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Dramatic blooms ofPrymnesiumsp. (Prymnesiophyceae) andAlexandrium margalefii(Dinophyceae) in the Salton Sea, California

Tiffany

Wolny

Garrett

et al. 2007

Lake and Reservoir Management

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In early 2006, unusual algal blooms of two species occurred in the Salton Sea, a large salt lake in southern California. In mid-January local residents reported bioluminescence in the Sea. Starting in February, large rafts of long-lasting foam, also bioluminescent, were observed as well. Microscopy investigations on water and sediment samples collected in March showed the marine dinoflagellate, Alexandrium margalefii, and the prymnesiophyte, Prymnesium sp., both previously unreported in the Salton Sea, to be abundant. Bioluminescence and foam production continued through March. Other dinoflagellate species, recorded during earlier studies, were rare or not detected during these blooms. Despite the fact that many Alexandrium species are known paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) producers, preliminary saxitoxin tests on this population of A. margalefii were negative. Previous reports on A. margalefii do not mention bioluminescence. It appears that the foam was caused by the Prymnesium sp. bloom, probably via protein-rich exudates and lysis of other algal cells, and its glow was due to entrained A. margalefii. This is the first report of A. margalefii in U.S. waters and the first report of it in a lake.

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“…Although no bloom concentrations had been observed until 1995 (Fukuyo et al, 1990;Balech, 1995) it became a phenomenon often observed in New Zealand since 1998 with concentrations frequently higher than an order of 10 3 cells L -1 (MacKenzie et al, 2004). In Santa Catarina (SC), a southern Brazilian state, this phytoplankter has been commonly found in coastal waters in low concentrations (Rörig et al, 1998;Proença et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bloom of Alexandrium fraterculus in coastal waters off Itajaí, SC, Southern Brazil

2007

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The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Halim) in New Zealand coastal waters: comparative morphology, toxicity and molecular genetics

Cited by 100 publications

References 38 publications

Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in theAlexandrium ostenfeldii(Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities

Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in theAlexandrium ostenfeldii(Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities

Dramatic blooms ofPrymnesiumsp. (Prymnesiophyceae) andAlexandrium margalefii(Dinophyceae) in the Salton Sea, California

Bloom of Alexandrium fraterculus in coastal waters off Itajaí, SC, Southern Brazil

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