The dimycocerosate ester polyketide virulence factors of mycobacteria

Onwueme, Kenolisa C.; Vos, Cheryl J.; Zurita, Juan; Ferreras, Julian A.; Quadri, Luis E. N.

doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2005.07.001

Cited by 135 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…The composition, glycosyl linkages and methyl modifications of phenolic glycolipids are species specifi c and also antigenic (Table 7) and details can be found in a review by Onwueme et al [57] and references therein.…”

Section: Defi Ning Mycobacterium Ulcerans Agy99mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining mycobacteria: Shared and specific genome features for different lifestyles

Vissa

Sakamuri

et al. 2009

Indian J Microbiol

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During the last decade, the combination of rapid whole genome sequencing capabilities, application of genetic and computational tools, and establishment of model systems for the study of a range of species for a spectrum of biological questions has enhanced our cumulative knowledge of mycobacteria in terms of their growth properties and requirements. The adaption of the corynebacterial surrogate system has simplifi ed the study of cell wall biosynthetic machinery common to actinobacteria. Comparative genomics supported by experimentation reveals that superimposed on a common core of 'mycobacterial' gene set, pathogenic mycobacteria are endowed with multiple copies of several protein families that encode novel secretion and transport systems such as mce and esx; immunomodulators named PE/PPE proteins, and polyketide synthases for synthesis of complex lipids. The precise timing of expression, engagement and interactions involving one or more of these redundant proteins in their host environments likely play a role in the defi nition and differentiation of species and their disease phenotypes. Besides these, only a few species specifi c 'virulence' factors i.e., macromolecules have been discovered. Other subtleties may also arise from modifi cations of shared macromolecules. In contrast, to cope with the broad and changing growth conditions, their saprophytic relatives have larger genomes, in which the excess coding capacity is dedicated to transcriptional regulators, transporters for nutrients and toxic metabolites, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and catabolic pathways. In this review, we present a sampling of the tools and techniques that are being implemented to tease apart aspects of physiology, phylogeny, ecology and pathology and illustrate the dominant genomic characteristics of representative species. The investigation of clinical isolates, natural disease states and discovery of new diagnostics, vaccines and drugs for existing and emerging mycobacterial diseases, particularly for multidrug resistant strains are the challenges in the coming decades.

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Section: Defi Ning Mycobacterium Ulcerans Agy99mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining mycobacteria: Shared and specific genome features for different lifestyles

Vissa

Sakamuri

et al. 2009

Indian J Microbiol

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“…The mycobacterial cell envelope contains a distinctive array of complex free lipids and glycolipids associated with the mycolic acid layer of the cell wall (Brennan & Nikaido, 1995;Crick et al, 2008;Onwueme et al, 2005a). These lipids and glycolipids are thought to be located in the membrane outer leaflet that partners with the mycolic acid-based membrane inner leaflet to form the asymmetric lipid bilayer that constitutes the characteristic mycobacterial outer membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These views have directed our previous studies of the biosynthesis of PGLs and PDIMs Chavadi et al, 2011b; Ferreras et al, 2008;He et al, 2009;Onwueme et al, 2004Onwueme et al, , 2005a, which include the development of the first PGL biosynthesis inhibitor (Ferreras et al, 2008). This inhibitor drastically reduces PGL production in several Mycobacterium species (Ferreras et al, 2008) using a mechanistic principle analogous to that of the first reported inhibitor of mycobacterial siderophore (iron chelator) production (Ferreras et al, 2005;Quadri, 2007).Despite significant progress made towards understanding the partially overlapping biosynthetic routes of PGLs and PDIMs (Onwueme et al, 2005a), many aspects of these pathways remain unclear. One such aspect is whether the conserved gene papA5 is required for PGL production.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…PapA5 to catalyse hydroxyl-ester formation chemistry . In these previous studies, surrogate alcohol and acyl-CoA thioester substrates replaced the suspected mycobacterial diol-containing aliphatic polyketide and multimethyl-branched fatty acyl thioester substrates, respectively, in the proposed esterification reactions catalysed by PapA5 (Buglino et al, 2004;Onwueme et al, 2004Onwueme et al, , 2005a. Herein, we set out to conduct a first examination of the ability of PapA5 to utilize mycobacterial diol-containing aliphatic polyketides as acyl acceptor substrates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mass spectrum of purified GPPOLs revealed the expected ion peak array, with a mass distribution pattern showing the 14 a.m.u. (-CH 2 -unit) periodicity arising from the characteristic carbon chainlength heterogeneity in the phenolphthiocerol component of PGLs (Onwueme et al, 2005a) (Fig. 4c).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The mycobacterial acyltransferase PapA5 is required for biosynthesis of cell wall-associated phenolic glycolipids

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Waxes

Leray

2006

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A review of waxes is provided, including classification, source, composition, production, testing, and applications. Waxes are generally classified according to source, such as natural waxes derived from animals or vegetables; mineral waxes derived from petroleum, coal, and peat; and synthetic waxes derived through polymerization of feed stocks, such as ethylene, methylene, and α‐olefins. The composition varies widely among the different classifications. Most of the natural waxes are mixtures with long‐chain alcohols, long‐chain carboxylic acids, and long‐chain esters as the major constituents. Waxes derived from coal and peat are similar, while the petroleum waxes consist almost exclusively of long‐chain hydrocarbons. Petroleum‐derived waxes are produced in massive quantities throughout the world. The synthetic waxes are generally low molecular weight polymers, with ethene polymers being the largest volume product. Since all waxes are fairly complex mixtures, physical properties are often used to describe the products. Uses vary from consumer products, such as chewing gum, cosmetics, and candles, to industrial applications, such as hot‐melt adhesives for carton sealing, flow modifier for plastic resins, and process additive for suspension polymerization.

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The dimycocerosate ester polyketide virulence factors of mycobacteria

Cited by 135 publications

References 160 publications

Defining mycobacteria: Shared and specific genome features for different lifestyles

Defining mycobacteria: Shared and specific genome features for different lifestyles

The mycobacterial acyltransferase PapA5 is required for biosynthesis of cell wall-associated phenolic glycolipids

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