The dimerization of styrene

RAFT Polymerization of Styrene Using Dithioester with Anthracene Z Group as Chain Transfer Agent

“…The large deviations between the number-average molecular weight and the theoretical value indicated that uncontrolled polymerization side reactions are significant [2]. In this work, when extreme low concentrations of BAC and AIBN were used, the amount of thermally derived initiator [33][34] The overall initiator concentration consisting of the thermally derived species and decomposition of AIBN may be higher than the concentration of BAC. Thus, some chains in such a system were not adequately regulated through the additionfragmentation equilibrium, and experienced a significant level of radical termination.…”

Emulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate

“…In the absence of especially reactive chain transfer agents (adventitious or deliberately included to control molecular weight) most transfer is to polymer, monomer, or, as has been suggested for styrene, perhaps to a Diels-Alder dimer [49][50][51][52][53] . reinitiate rapidly, it may exit the particle and terminate with another radical thereby causing the loss of two radicals and influencing the polymerization kinetics.…”

Mechanism of initiation in the thermal polymerization of styrene. Kinetic deuterium isotope effects in the initiation step of the thermal polymerization of some deuterated styrenes

“…The thermal formation of diphenylcyclobutane from styrene has been reported a number of times (8,10,34,35). This is unlikely to be a concerted reaction (36) and may be taken as evidence for the intermediate formation of the d i r a d i~a l .~ It has been shown that the diradical, when formed from the corresponding cyclic azo compound, does give diphenylcyclobutane in appreciable yield (6).…”

“…It has been shown that the radical forming reaction is third order in styrene (8,9). This, coupled with the isolation of 1-phenyltetralin from the thermal polymerization of styrene in the presence of inhibitors (8,10) led to the suggestion that the polymerization is initiated by monoradicals which are produced as shown in eqs. [2] and [3].…”