The digital tendon locking mechanism of the avian foot (Aves)

Quinn, Thomas H.; Baumel, J

doi:10.1007/bf00312195

Cited by 72 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Schutt (1993) investigated the mechanism more precisely in bats and Quinn and Baumel (1993) finally called it TLM and compared it in different bat species (chiropterans). A similar mechanism was described in climbing mammals by Schaffer (1905) and Haffner (1996), in birds by Quinn and Baumel (1990) and in dermoptera by Simmons and Quinn (1994). The digits of most bats consist of three phalanges and a conjoint tendon instead of a FDP and a FDS tendon.…”

Section: Analogy To the Tlm Of Chiropteranssupporting

confidence: 59%

Friction between human finger flexor tendons and pulleys at high loads

Schweizer

Frank

Ochsner

et al. 2003

Journal of Biomechanics

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A method was developed to indirectly measure friction between the flexor tendons and pulleys of the middle and ring finger in vivo. An isokinetic movement device to determine maximum force of wrist flexion, interphalangeal joint flexion (rolling in and out) and isolated proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint flexion was built. Eccentric and concentric maximum force of these three different movements where gliding of the flexor tendon sheath was involved differently (least in wrist flexion) was measured and compared. Fifty-one hands in 26 male subjects were evaluated. The greatest difference between eccentric and concentric maximum force (29.9%) was found in flexion of the PIP joint. Differences in the rolling in and out movement (26.8%) and in wrist flexion (14.5%) were significantly smaller. The force of friction between flexor tendons and pulleys can be determined by the greater difference between eccentric and concentric maximum force provided by the same muscles in overcoming an external force during flexion of the interphalangeal joints and suggests the presence of a non-muscular force, such as friction. It constitutes of 9% of the eccentric flexion force in the PIP joint and therefore questions the low friction hypothesis at high loads. r

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Section: Analogy To the Tlm Of Chiropteranssupporting

confidence: 59%

Friction between human finger flexor tendons and pulleys at high loads

Schweizer

Frank

Ochsner

et al. 2003

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…Most subsequent authors have taken the same view and proposed complementary mechanisms (e.g. ratchet-like microstructure of avian foot tendons, Quinn and Baumel, 1990) that might act together to maintain digital force without continuous muscular effort. However, actual tests of this hypothesis are rare.…”

Section: Graspingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on welfare aspects of the use of perches for laying hens

2015

EFS2

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This opinion investigated the use of perches for laying hens in cage and non-cage systems. It is based on various activities reviewing the effects of perch height and design on hen health and welfare. Systematic and extensive literature reviews were conducted to assess the scientific evidence about hen motivation to grasp and seek elevation, and the appropriate height of perches as well as other features (position, material, colour, temperature, shape, width and length). In addition, an expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) exercise was run with technical hearing experts to discuss and prioritise the various design aspects of perches. Overall, the body of literature on perches is limited. Relevant features of perches are often confounded with others. In the literature, the most commonly used animal-based measures to assess perch adequacy are keel bone damages, foot pad lesions and perch use by hens. Overall, hens seek elevation during the day as well as during the night, when they select a site for roosting. Elevated perches allow hens to monitor the environment, to escape from other hens, avoid disturbances and improve thermoregulation. For night-time roosting hens show a preference for perches higher than 60cm compared with lower perches. However, elevated perches can have negative consequences with increased prevalence of keel deformities and fractures. The risk of injury increases when hens have to jump a distance of more than 80cm vertically, horizontally or diagonally to reach or leave a perch, or jump an angle between 45 and 90° (measured at the horizontal plane). Material, shape, length and width of the perch also influence perch preference by hens. The EKE exercise suggests that an adequate perch is elevated, accessible and functional (providing sufficient overview). The opinion concludes that for the design of an adequate perch, different features of perches need to be further investigated and integrated.

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“…Two important components were detected and described in previous investigations: the "automatic digital flexor mechanism" (ADFM) and the "digital tendon-locking mechanism" (DTLM) (QUINN and BAUMEL, 1983;QUINN and BAUMEL, 1990;GALTON and SHEPHERD, 2012). When compared to mammal tendons, bird tendons are significantly longer connective tissue formations which transmit mechanic force, often passing through several joints (kaISer, 2007).…”

Section: T Trbojević Vukičević Et Al: Morphology Of the Passive Flementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The foot connectivity is also one of the important morphological characteristics, by which birds are classified into five types: palmate (ducks, geese, swans, gulls, terns and other aquatic birds), totipalmate (cormorants, pelicans, gannets, boobies), semipalmate (all grouse, some domestic breeds of chicken, sandpipers, plovers), lobate (grebes) and raptorial (kites, hawks, eagles and falcons) (PROCTOR and LYNCH, 1993;O'MALLEY, 2005). Most birds possess a mechanism which allowed passive flexion of the digits of the hind limbs while perching, but it also functions in other activities, such as foot-propelled swimming, scratching, wading, prey -grasping, clinging, hanging, and tree climbing and has some other purposes, mostly for grasping objects or food (QUINN and BAUMEL, 1990;GALTON and SHEPHERD, 2012). The function of birds' flexor apparatus has been interpreted as a collection of structural elements which temporarily combine the fixed tendon sheath with a mobile tendon in order to flex the digits (QUINN and BAUMEL, 1990).…”

Section: T Trbojević Vukičević Et Al: Morphology Of the Passive Flementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most birds possess a mechanism which allowed passive flexion of the digits of the hind limbs while perching, but it also functions in other activities, such as foot-propelled swimming, scratching, wading, prey -grasping, clinging, hanging, and tree climbing and has some other purposes, mostly for grasping objects or food (QUINN and BAUMEL, 1990;GALTON and SHEPHERD, 2012). The function of birds' flexor apparatus has been interpreted as a collection of structural elements which temporarily combine the fixed tendon sheath with a mobile tendon in order to flex the digits (QUINN and BAUMEL, 1990).…”

Section: T Trbojević Vukičević Et Al: Morphology Of the Passive Flementioning

confidence: 99%

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The morphological characteristics of the passive flexor mechanism of birds with different digit layout

Vukičević¹,

Galić²,

Tomić³

et al. 2018

Vet. arhiv

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________________________________________________________________________________________TrbojeVić VuKičeVić, T., S. Galić, D. HorVaTeK Tomić, S. Kužir: The morphological characteristics of the passive flexor mechanism of birds with different digit layout. Vet. arhiv 88, 125-138, 2018. abSTraCT Birds possess a mechanism which allows passive flexion of the digits of the hind limbs which consists of two components: "automatic digital flexor mechanism" (ADFM) and "digital tendon-locking mechanism" (DTLM). The aim of this paper was to establish the existence and specificities of those components in examples of birds with anisodactyl (domestic chickens) and zygodactyl (parrots) digit layout using standard anatomical dissection and histological methods. Spatial distribution of the parrots' muscles with a central role in DTLM (M. flexor digitorum longus and m. flexor hallucis longus) was the same as the chickens'. The plantar position of the fourth digit, which makes the difference between the anisodactyl and the zygodactyl digit layouts, did not cause changes in the position and function of this flexor muscles. The domestic chickens' tendon sheath ridges, as well as the tendon tubercles of the flexor muscles were less developed while the parrots' tubercles and ridges were clearly defined and the differences in their morphology were visible. There were no chondrogenic elements or they were barely noticeable in the parrots' tendons. A potential cause of these distinctions could be the difference in the load which the tendons endure due to the different biomechanical composition. The parrots primarily inhabit trees where they move agilely around by grasping the branches. The Galliformes have a much larger body mass which is a consequence of their life on the ground, so the flexor muscle tendons suffer a greater load than the parrots and the cartilage tissue embedded in the tendon itself could act to distribute the weight of the body borne by the foot and the tendon.

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The digital tendon locking mechanism of the avian foot (Aves)

Cited by 72 publications

References 7 publications

Friction between human finger flexor tendons and pulleys at high loads

Friction between human finger flexor tendons and pulleys at high loads

Scientific Opinion on welfare aspects of the use of perches for laying hens

The morphological characteristics of the passive flexor mechanism of birds with different digit layout

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