The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background

Beacom, John F.

doi:10.48550/arxiv.1004.3311

Cited by 25 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…As these indicate a steeper rise at low galaxy luminosities, the integration for the full star formation rate would need to be carefully regulated, and we do not perform this here. The star formation rate has been checked by independently measured quantities, such as the extragalactic background light (Horiuchi et al 2009), stellar mass density (Wilkins et al 2008), and upper limits on the diffuse supernova neutrino background (Beacom 2010).…”

Section: Snia Rate Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

REVEALING TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PHYSICS WITH COSMIC RATES AND NUCLEAR GAMMA RAYS

Horiuchi¹,

Beacom²

2010

ApJ

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Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) remain mysterious despite their central importance in cosmology and their rapidly increasing discovery rate. The progenitors of SNe Ia can be probed by the delay time between progenitor birth and explosion as SNe Ia. The explosions and progenitors of SNe Ia can be probed by MeV nuclear gamma rays emitted in the decays of radioactive nickel and cobalt into iron. We compare the cosmic star formation and SN Ia rates, finding that their different redshift evolution requires a large fraction of SNe Ia to have large delay times. A delay-time distribution of the form t −α with α = 1.0 ± 0.3 provides a good fit, implying that 50% of SNe Ia explode more than ∼1 Gyr after progenitor birth. The extrapolation of the cosmic SN Ia rate to z = 0 agrees with the rate we deduce from catalogs of local SNe Ia. We investigate prospects for gamma-ray telescopes to exploit the facts that escaping gamma rays directly reveal the power source of SNe Ia and uniquely provide tomography of the expanding ejecta. We find large improvements relative to earlier studies by Gehrels et al. in 1987 andWoosley in 1997 due to larger and more certain SN Ia rates and advances in gamma-ray detectors. The proposed Advanced Compton Telescope, with a narrow-line sensitivity ∼60 times better than that of current satellites, would, on an annual basis, detect up to ∼100 SNe Ia (3σ ) and provide revolutionary model discrimination for SNe Ia within 20 Mpc, with gamma-ray light curves measured with ∼10σ significance daily for ∼100 days. Even more modest improvements in detector sensitivity would open a new and invaluable astronomy with frequent SN Ia gamma-ray detections.

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Section: Snia Rate Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

REVEALING TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PHYSICS WITH COSMIC RATES AND NUCLEAR GAMMA RAYS

Horiuchi¹,

Beacom²

2010

ApJ

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“…Neutrino emission from core-collapse supernovae that have exploded in the Universe cumulate in the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB). The prospects of detection seem promising; for reviews and references to the original papers, we refer Ando & Sato (2004) and Beacom (2010). To predict the DSNB signal, two different quantities are needed: the explosion rate of core collapse SNe as a function of the redshift and the average neutrino emission of the individual supernovae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diffuse supernova neutrino background: expectations and uncertainties derived from SN1987A

Vissani

Pagliaroli

2011

A&A

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Context. The detection of the diffuse supernova neutrino background may be imminent, but theoretical predictions are affected by substantial uncertainties. Aims. We calculate the signal and its uncertainty with the present configuration of Super-Kamiokande and consider the possibility of lowering the threshold by means of gadolinium loading. Methods. We model neutrino emission following the analysis of SN1987A by Pagliaroli and collaborators and use the number of expected events in the neutrino detector as a free parameter of the fit. The best-fit value of this parameter and its error are evaluated by means of standard maximum likelihood procedures, taking into account properly the correlations. Results. The uncertainties in the astrophysics of the emission dominates the total uncertainty in the expected signal rate, which conservatively ranges from 0.3 to 0.9 events per year and from 1.1 to 2.9 with gadolinium.

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“…Just as the EBL heats a blackbox slightly over the CMB, the diffuse supernova neutrino background may heat a neutrino-opaque blackbox. The energy density in the supernova neutrino background is probably comparable to that of the EBL (Beacom 2010), so this heating is at most a few hundredths of a Kelvin, compared to a potential cooling of a few tenths of a Kelvin. The relic gravitational wave background, if there is one, is thought to be even colder, at less than 1 K (Egan & Lineweaver 2010), providing another possible cold reservoir.…”

Section: Transparency Of Blackboxes To Non-thermal Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type III Societies (Apparently) Do Not Exist

Lacki¹

2016

Preprint

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Whether technological societies remain small and planet-bound like our own, or ultimately span across galaxies is an open question in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Societies that engineer on a galactic scale are classified as Type III on Kardashev's scale. I argue that Type III societies can take the form of blackboxes, entire galaxies veiled in an opaque screen. A blackbox has a temperature that is just above that of the cosmic microwave background, for the maximum possible thermodynamic efficiency. The screen can be made from artificial dust pervading the galaxy, establishing feedback on the diffuse interstellar medium itself. I show that there is enough material in galaxies to build blackboxes if the dust is fashioned into dipole antennas, especially if they are made of carbon nanotubes.The thermal emission of a blackbox makes it a bright microwave source. I examine the Planck Catalog of Compact Sources (PCCS2) to constrain the abundance of blackboxes. None of the 100 GHz sources has the spectrum expected of a blackbox. The null result rules out shrouded galaxy clusters out to z ≈ 1 and shrouded Milky Ways out to (comoving) 700 Mpc. The reach of the results includes 3 million galaxies containing an estimated 300 quadrillion terrestrial planets, as well as tens of thousands of galaxy clusters. A more detailed search of the PCCS2 can find or rule out blackboxes in 30 million galaxies, and the South Pole Telescope Sunyaev-Zeldovich survey can search another 20 million galaxies.Combined with the null results from other searches for Type III societies, I conclude that they are so rare that they basically do not exist within the observable Universe. A hypothesis of "Cosmic Pessimism" is discussed, in which we are alone, our long-term chances for survival are slim, and if we do survive, our future history will be checkered. Our loneliness is suggested by the lack of Type III societies. I discuss the remaining forms of Type III societies not yet well constrained by observation. I argue that the ease of building blackboxes on planetary and Solar System scales may lead, within a few centuries, to environmental catastrophes vastly more devastating than anything we are doing now, boding ill for us.

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The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background

Cited by 25 publications

References 95 publications

REVEALING TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PHYSICS WITH COSMIC RATES AND NUCLEAR GAMMA RAYS

REVEALING TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PHYSICS WITH COSMIC RATES AND NUCLEAR GAMMA RAYS

The diffuse supernova neutrino background: expectations and uncertainties derived from SN1987A

Type III Societies (Apparently) Do Not Exist

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