The Diet Factor in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

This article is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of dietary methods for treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when pharmacotherapy has proven unsatisfactory or unacceptable. Results of recent research and controlled studies, based on a PubMed search, are emphasized and compared with earlier reports. The recent increase of interest in this form of therapy for ADHD, and especially in the use of omega supplements, significance of iron deficiency, and the avoidance of the "Western pattern" diet, make the discussion timely. Diets to reduce symptoms associated with ADHD include sugar-restricted, additive/preservative-free, oligoantigenic/elimination, and fatty acid supplements. Omega-3 supplement is the latest dietary treatment with positive reports of efficacy, and interest in the additive-free diet of the 1970s is occasionally revived. A provocative report draws attention to the ADHD-associated "Western-style" diet, high in fat and refined sugars, and the ADHD-free "healthy" diet, containing fiber, folate, and omega-3 fatty acids. The literature on diets and ADHD, listed by PubMed, is reviewed with emphasis on recent controlled studies. Recommendations for the use of diets are based on current opinion of published reports and our practice experience. Indications for dietary therapy include medication failure, parental or patient preference, iron deficiency, and, when appropriate, change from an ADHD-linked Western diet to an ADHD-free healthy diet. Foods associated with ADHD to be avoided and those not linked with ADHD and preferred are listed. In practice, additive-free and oligoantigenic/elimination diets are time-consuming and disruptive to the household; they are indicated only in selected patients. Iron and zinc are supplemented in patients with known deficiencies; they may also enhance the effectiveness of stimulant therapy. In patients failing to respond or with parents opposed to medication, omega-3 supplements may warrant a trial. A greater attention to the education of parents and children in a healthy dietary pattern, omitting items shown to predispose to ADHD, is perhaps the most promising and practical complementary or alternative treatment of ADHD.

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“…In a Spanish case-control study, ADHD patients had lower calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, selenium and phosphorous, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B 6 , and folate intakes than control subjects (52). Similarly, low levels of copper, iron, zinc, and iodine were associated with ADHD in a Korean study (49,51), and certain ADHD symptoms were linked to low levels of magnesium and zinc in Australian adolescents (62). Low zinc was also identified as being associated with ADHD in a case-control study of Chinese children (63).…”

“…Enzymatic processing still needs to be improved by, for example, decreasing the treatment time using new or current enzymes. In enzymatic treatment of wheat bran with xylanase (a cell wall-degrading enzyme) at high consistency, we showed that the proteins from the bran aleurone cells were released; however, their solubility was reduced (49). By releasing the proteins from the bran matrix, the bioavailability of the proteins can be improved.…”

“…There are not many published studies on the effects of thermomechanical treatment of wheat and rice brans. However, the solubilization of protein has been shown to increase when treating wheat bran at 40% water content, with or without xylanase enzyme (49). Processing at low water content can be carried out in high-shear mixers, such as a farinograph or extruder (49,50).…”

“…However, the solubilization of protein has been shown to increase when treating wheat bran at 40% water content, with or without xylanase enzyme (49). Processing at low water content can be carried out in high-shear mixers, such as a farinograph or extruder (49,50). Jacquemin et al (29) studied the thermomechanical treatment of wheat bran and wheat straw mixtures to extract hemicelluloses by adding NaOH during the extrusion.…”

“…Diet quality and dietary components, especially food additives, have been postulated as being associated with ADHD, but the findings are mixed (40,49,50). Poor diets are also suggested as a causal factor-diets low in copper, iron, zinc, and magnesium are associated with ADHD (49,51).…”