The dichotomous role of the gut microbiome in exacerbating and ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders

Raval, Urdhva; Harary, Joyce M; Zeng, Emma; Pasinetti, Giulio Maria

doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1775585

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…There is much interest in the bidirectional microbiota-gut-brain axis and its potential implications in neurological disorders, as recently reviewed by Raval et al, 2020 [ 134 ]. It has been observed that a complex gut microbiome promotes the maintenance of microglia, while an absence results in deficits.…”

Section: Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

et al. 2020

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as olfactory impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, impaired sleep, fatigue, and behavioral changes. The pathogenesis of PD is believed to involve oxidative stress, disruption to mitochondria, alterations to the protein α-synuclein, and neuroinflammatory processes. There is currently no cure for the disease. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants, which have shown benefit in several experimental models of PD. Intake of polyphenols through diet is also associated with lower PD risk in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathology of PD and the data supporting the potential neuroprotective capacity of increased polyphenols in the diet. Evidence suggests that the intake of dietary polyphenols may inhibit neurodegeneration and the progression of PD. Polyphenols appear to have a positive effect on the gut microbiome, which may decrease inflammation that contributes to the disease. Therefore, a diet rich in polyphenols may decrease the symptoms and increase quality of life in PD patients.

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Section: Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

et al. 2020

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“…Although the communities of around trillions of commensals (such as bacteria, archaea, protozoa and viruses) present in our gastrointestinal tract-the gut microbiota-are stable, they can be quickly influenced and/or altered by aging, illness as well as by common human actions-such as antibiotic exposure, lifestyle and dietary changes. In this framework, the loss of microbiota homeostasis, or dysbiosis, is largely accepted to contribute to the clinical progression of several age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders, including AD [123,125,[248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255]. An imbalance intestinal microflora has been found in AD patients with dementia compared with healthy age-matched control subjects [126,[256][257][258].…”

Section: Nutrients Modulation Of Gut Microbiota As Therapeutic Stratementioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Foods: An Approach to Modulate Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Atlante

Amadoro

Bobba

et al. 2020

Cells

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A new epoch is emerging with intense research on nutraceuticals, i.e., “food or food product that provides medical or health benefits including the prevention and treatment of diseases”, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Nutraceuticals act at different biochemical and metabolic levels and much evidence shows their neuroprotective effects; in particular, they are able to provide protection against mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, toxicity of β-amyloid and Tau and cell death. They have been shown to influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota significantly contributing to the discovery that differential microorganisms composition is associated with the formation and aggregation of cerebral toxic proteins. Further, the routes of interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the microbiota–gut–brain axis have been elucidated, thus establishing a modulatory role of diet-induced epigenetic changes of gut microbiota in shaping the brain. This review examines recent scientific literature addressing the beneficial effects of some natural products for which mechanistic evidence to prevent or slowdown AD are available. Even if the road is still long, the results are already exceptional.

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“…Infection with H.pylori has been associated with lower cognitive abilities, as well as increased levels of CSF tau and phosphorylated tau among AD patients [32]. Gut microbiome dysbiosis and altered microbiome composition have been implicated in AD and various other neurodegenerative disorders [33]. The gut microbiome produces lipopolysaccharides, neurotoxins, and microbial amyloid.…”

Section: Bacterial Pathogens and Admentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These bacterial products are involved with amyloid plaque formation, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. The gut microbiome composition is also altered in individuals with AD, with the increased relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria and decreased abundance of Ruminococcus and Butyricicoccus genera [33]. Interestingly, gut microbiota have also been found in the brains of AD patients [34].…”

Section: Bacterial Pathogens and Admentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variation in gut microbiome composition detected from stool samples can also be a preclinical biomarker for AD, given the increased relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria found in AD. Gut microbiome products such as microbial amyloids and neurotoxin BMAA play a role in neurodegeneration, and can also potentially serve as AD biomarkers [33,46].…”

Section: Other Potential Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Viral Hypothesis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Insights and Pathogen-Based Biomarkers

Naughton

Raval

Pasinetti

2020

JPM

Self Cite

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Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the identification of significant risk factors are necessary to better understand disease progression, and to develop intervention-based therapies prior to significant neurodegeneration. There is thus a critical need to establish biomarkers which can predict the risk of developing AD before the onset of cognitive decline. A number of studies have indicated that exposure to various microbial pathogens can accelerate AD pathology. Additionally, several studies have indicated that amyloid-β possess antimicrobial properties and may act in response to infection as a part of the innate immune system. These findings have led some to speculate that certain types of infections may play a significant role in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we will provide an overview of studies which suggest pathogen involvement in AD. Additionally, we will discuss a number of pathogen-associated biomarkers which may be effective in establishing AD risk. Infections that increase the risk of AD represent a modifiable risk factor which can be treated with therapeutic intervention. Pathogen-based biomarkers may thus be a valuable tool for evaluating and decreasing AD risk across the population.

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The dichotomous role of the gut microbiome in exacerbating and ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders

Cited by 30 publications

References 150 publications

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols

Functional Foods: An Approach to Modulate Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease

The Viral Hypothesis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Insights and Pathogen-Based Biomarkers

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