The Diagnostic Histopathologic Features of Ocular Malaria

Hidayat, Ahmed A.; Nalbandian, Robert M.; Sammons, David W.; Fleischman, Jay A.; Johnson, Thomas E.

doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31508-3

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Based on recent descriptions of retinal findings in children in East African with severe malaria, retinal hemorrhages are being used as a diagnostic criterion for cerebral malaria in children. 30,47,64,65 Preliminary unpublished histopathologic evaluation of 2 cohorts of animals in prospective studies and the large body of retrospective tissues from various studies conducted at AFRIMS have failed to show similar hemorrhaging within the retinas of P. coatneyi-infected animals. However, based on the diagnostic significance in humans, malaria-induced retinopathy should be evaluated in greater depth in animal models.…”

Section: Histopathology and Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

et al. 2015

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Malaria remains one of the most significant public health concerns in the world today. Approximately half the human population is at risk for infection, with children and pregnant women being most vulnerable. More than 90% of the total human malaria burden, which numbers in excess of 200 million annually, is due to Plasmodium falciparum. Lack of an effective vaccine and a dwindling stockpile of antimalarial drugs due to increased plasmodial resistance underscore the critical need for valid animal models. Plasmodium coatneyi was described in Southeast Asia 50 years ago. This plasmodium of nonhuman primates has been used sporadically as a model for severe malaria, as it mimics many of the pathophysiologic features of human disease. This review covers the reported macroscopic, microscopic, ultrastructural, and molecular pathology of P. coatneyi infection in macaques, specifically focusing on the rhesus macaque, as well as describing the critical needs still outstanding in the validation of this crucial model of human disease.

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Section: Histopathology and Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

et al. 2015

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“…It is mediated by cytoadherence and rosetting of pRBC with uninfected RBC. Clinical studies and autopsies have indeed revealed rosettes in blood vessels from malaria victims (19,20,40,43), and parasites isolated from patients with severe disease formed more and larger rosettes than those from uncomplicated cases (4, 47). For many parasite isolates, in vitro rosetting is dependent on serum factors that are also present in nonimmune, healthy persons.…”

Section: Rosetting Of Plasmodium Falciparum-infected Red Blood Cells mentioning

confidence: 99%

Complement Factor D, Albumin, and Immunoglobulin G Anti-Band 3 Protein Antibodies Mimic Serum in Promoting Rosetting of Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells

et al. 2007

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Rosetting of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (parasitized RBC [pRBC]) with uninfected RBC has been associated in many studies with malaria morbidity and is one form of cytoadherence observed with malarial parasites. Rosetting is serum dependent for many isolates of P. falciparum, including the strains FCR3S1.2 and Malayan Camp studied here. We identified the three naturally occurring components of sera which confer rosetting. Complement factor D alone induced 30 to 40% of de novo rosetting. Its effect was additive to that of 0.5 mg/ml albumin and to that of 15 ng/ml of naturally occurring antibodies to the anion transport protein, band 3. The three components together mediated rosetting as effectively as 10% serum. De novo rosetting experiments showed that naturally occurring anti-band 3 antibodies as well as factor D were effective only when added to pRBC. Factor D appeared to cleave a small fraction of a protein expressed on the surface of pRBC.Cerebral malaria occurs from infections with Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite species that shows sequestration in the periphery. Sequestration is a means by which parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) escape from their clearance from the reticuloendothelial system. It is mediated by cytoadherence and rosetting of pRBC with uninfected RBC. Clinical studies and autopsies have indeed revealed rosettes in blood vessels from malaria victims (19,20,40,43), and parasites isolated from patients with severe disease formed more and larger rosettes than those from uncomplicated cases (4, 47). For many parasite isolates, in vitro rosetting is dependent on serum factors that are also present in nonimmune, healthy persons. Thus, it is more than a coincidence that the mortality from cerebral malaria is highest in very young children, who have not developed immunity against the parasite but have partially established their innate immune systems. The serum factors that have been shown to mediate rosetting are immunoglobulins (15,43,45), albumin (48), and a third so far unidentified small component which does not bind to concanavalin A (45). We embarked on a study of these serum factors in more detail because neither the specificities of the involved innate immunoglobulins (naturally occurring antibodies [NAbs]) nor the role of complement has been investigated. . When the parasitemia reached 5 to 10%, the culture was diluted to achieve 0.2 to 0.5% parasitemia and culture was continued. Twice a month, cultured parasites were enriched for the rosetting phenotype (49). MATERIALS AND METHODSRosette disruption. A rosetting parasite culture containing P. falciparum late stages at a parasitemia of 5 to 10% was centrifuged for 5 min at 500 ϫ g. Cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-glucose (pH 7.4) and resuspended to a 20% hematocrit in PBS-glucose containing 5 mM sodium citrate, and rosettes were disrupted by passing the resuspended cells 20 times through a 23-gauge 0.6-mm-diameter needle. Cells were then washed once with PBS-glucose containing 5 mM sodium ...

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“…1 The ocular complications occur in about 10 to 20 percent of patients. 21 The commonest complications in the acute phase are conjunctival hyperaemia and subconjunctival haemorrhage. There may be yellowish discoloration of the conjunctiva.…”

Section: Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism of cytoadherence is by development of ligand associated knobs on the surface of infected erythrocytic membranes. 21,23 This leads to thrombosis, occlusion and haemorrhage.…”

Section: Malariamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parasitic Eye Disease in India and the World- A Major Review

Sarkar¹,

Bhattacharayya²,

Choudhuri³

et al. 2017

jemds

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BACKGROUNDParasites are a group of eukaryotic organisms. They may be free living, may form symbiotic relationships or form parasitic relationships with the hosts. The total number of recognised species of parasites are over 800,000. They may be unicellular or multicellular. Unicellular parasites include protozoa, while multicellular parasites include helminths and arthropods. The parasites are associated with human beings since the beginning of civilisation. The parasitic diseases are present worldwide including India. In addition to the already prevalent diseases, newer diseases are emerging in the clinical scenario. The systemic diseases like cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, hydatidosis and toxoplasmosis are common. Acquired toxoplasma infections are rising in incidence in immunodeficient individuals. Cestodes, trematodes, tissue flagellates and sporozoa affect human beings commonly including their eyes in different parts of the world. They thus constitute a real health problem globally. The basics of parasitology lie in morphological and pathological studies. This scope has extended further with recent updates in molecular parasitology. The present review discusses the principal ocular parasites found in India and the world with reference to microbiological and pathological aspects and gives outlines of management.

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The Diagnostic Histopathologic Features of Ocular Malaria

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

A Review of Plasmodium coatneyi–Macaque Models of Severe Malaria

Complement Factor D, Albumin, and Immunoglobulin G Anti-Band 3 Protein Antibodies Mimic Serum in Promoting Rosetting of Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells

Parasitic Eye Disease in India and the World- A Major Review

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