The Diagnosis and Hemodynamic Monitoring of Circulatory Shock: Current and Future Trends

Abstract

Circulatory shock is a complex clinical syndrome encompassing a group of conditions that can arise from different etiologies and presented by several different hemodynamic patterns. If not corrected, cell dysfunction, irreversible multiple organ insufficiency, and death may occur. The four basic types of shock, hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive and distributive, have features similar to that of hemodynamic shock. It is therefore essential, when monitoring hemodynamic shock, to making accurate clinical assessments which will guide and dictate appropriate management therapy. The European Society of Intensive Care has recently made recommendations for monitoring hemodynamic shock. The present paper discusses the issues raised in the new statements, including individualization of blood pressure targets, prediction of fluid responsiveness, and the use of echocardiography as the first means during the initial evaluation of circulatory shock. Also, the place of more invasive hemodynamic monitoring techniques and future trends in hemodynamic and metabolic monitoring in circulatory shock, will be debated.

IoT-based Architecture and Implementation for Automatic Shock Treatment

“…Hemodynamics monitoring watches the patient's various parameters including blood pressure, pulse rate, cardiac output, vascular resistance and intravascular volume. Hemodynamics monitoring helps identify the patient's shock status [9]. Equipment for hemodynamic monitoring has been developed in a variety of ways.…”

“…In addition, the patient's shock state changes every moment, and there is a possibility of drug change or re-diagnosis, so continuous monitoring is necessary. The hemodynamic monitoring equipment supports the medical professionals to cope with various diseases by outputting the aforementioned medical data values in real time, and it is possible to check the occurrence of shock and the type of shock in real time [9]. As such, hemodynamic monitoring can solve the problem of shortage of medical staff and provide rapid treatment of shock patients.…”

Drugs For Attenuation of Hemodynamic Responses In Patients Undergoing Elective Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Randomized Clinical Trial

“…The total exposure of the heart for multiple coronary revascularizations (2-3 vessels), including the circumflex artery (AC) and posterior descending artery (ADP), is only possible with the use of stabilization devices that restrict the regional wall's movement, either via suction or mechanical compression. These manipulations in a "beating heart" depress cardiac contractility and cause some hemodynamic impact (11 ).…”

Hemodynamic Monitoring in Sepsis—A Conceptual Framework of Macro- and Microcirculatory Alterations

“…The deliberate and early recognition of sepsis, especially when hemodynamic instability occurs, constitutes the element that confers the weightiest survival benefit [ 2 ]. Optimal hemodynamic resuscitation represents a subject of intense debate believed to improve outcomes further [ 3 ].…”