“…Ziegler & Ferrand, 1998). However, while many studies using this approach have reported robust orthographic effects (e.g., Pattamadilok et al, 2007;Ziegler, Ferrand, & Montant, 2004;Ziegler, Petrova, & Ferrand, 2008) others have reported trends that fail to reach significance over items (e.g., Perre & Ziegler, 2008;Ventura, Kolinsky, Pattamadilok, & Morais, 2008;Ventura, Morais, Pattamadilok, & Kolinsky, 2004), a situation that may result from the fact that this evidence is necessarily derived from a between-items comparison in which the introduction of confounding variables is always a risk. Further, while this result has been generalized to semantic categorization and gender decision (Peereman, Dufour, & Burt, 2009), it is unclear whether it holds for tasks that do not involve an explicit decision component.…”