The Developmental Lag Hypothesis in Reading: Longitudinal and Matched Reading-Level Comparisons

Annotation: Does Dyslexia Exist?

“…For instance, the Larsen et al (1990) study of planum temporale symmetry defined reading-IQ discrepancy in their sample using the Raven Matrices test. The use of a nonverbal test which displays very low correlations with reading and other verbal skills (Stanovich, Gunningham & Feeman, 1984) might well have resulted in a sample containing several subjects with depressed verbal IQs and/or below average full scale IQs Stanovich, Nathan & Vala-Rossi, 1986). Such subjects might well have been classified as nondiscrepant, or "garden-variety" poor readers (see Gough & Tunmer, 1986 had other verbally-loaded aptitude measures been used in discrepancy assessment (see , for an extensive discussion of the implications of using different aptitude benchmarks).…”

“…Bruck, 1988Bruck, , 1990Felton & Wood, 1992;Manis, Gustodio & Szeszulski, 1993;Olson et al 1989;Siegel & Ryan, 1988;Snowling, 1981Snowling, , 1991. In contrast to phonological coding, processes of orthographic coding-where words are recognized via direct visual accessappear to be relatively less impaired in disabled readers (Frith & Snowling, 1983;Holligan &Johnston, 1988;Olson, Kliegl, Davidson & Foltz, 1985;Olson et al 1989;Pennington et al 1986;Rack, 1985;Siegel, 1993;Stanovich & Siegel, 1994;Snowling, 1980). The precursor to the phonological coding difficulty appears to be a deficit in segmental language skills sometimes termed phonological awareness or phonological sensitivity (e.g.…”

Serial Recall of Poor Readers in Two Presentation Modalities: Combined Effects of Phonological Similarity and Word Length

“…Articulation rate could thus be a possible candidate for explaining the lower memory span of poor readers. However, other studies have not been supportive in this respect (Brady, Poggie, & Rapala, 1989;Henry & Millar, 1993;Pennington et al, 1990;Stanovich, Nathan, & Zolman, 1988). Brady et al (1989) found that poor readers were just as fast as normal readers in repeating single words, but not as accurate.…”

“…Furthermore, the existence of a separate phonological store is still controversial (Hulme & Mackenzie, 1992;Hulme & Tordoff, 1989). There have been studies that used a nonstrategic memory task or ''running memory'' task, which comes close to the measure intended here (Cohen & Heath, 1990;Stanovich et al, 1988). Therefore, a similar task is used in this study.…”

Changing relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading as children develop from beginning to skilled readers: A 5-year longitudinal study.

“…The measure of performance is how long it takes to name the series, which often is converted into number of items named per second. Serial naming performance tends to be more highly correlated with reading than is isolated naming performance (e.g., Stanovich, 1981;Stanovich, Nathan, & Zolman, 1988). Although it is likely that serial naming tasks measure additional processes in addition to phonological ones (Wolf, Pfeil, Lotz, & Biddle, 1994), serial naming performance is sufficiently correlated with performance on other phonological processing tasks to include it as part of our assessment of children's phonological processing abilities (Wagner, Torgesen, Laughon, Simmons, & Rashotte, 1993;Wagner et al, 1994).…”