The Developmental Basis of Stomatal Density and Flux

Sack, Lawren; Buckley, Thomas N.

doi:10.1104/pp.16.00476

Cited by 97 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…By understanding the adaptive significance of leaf anatomical variation we can learn about natural history, find targets for crop improvement and identify anatomical proxies for paleoclimates preserved in the fossil record (Wolfe, ; Royer, ; McElwain & Steinthorsdottir, ). The size, density and distribution of stomata on a leaf vary widely and impact the flux of CO 2 and water vapor (recently reviewed in Sack & Buckley, ), as well as susceptibility to foliar pathogens that infect through stomata (McKown et al ., ; Melotto et al ., ). Hence, stomata have been especially useful in understanding plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change and domestication (Woodward, ; Beerling & Royer, ; Milla et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the density and size of stomata have been researched extensively (Sack & Buckley, , and references therein), the adaptive significance of stomatal distribution is less well understood. Stomata are most often found only on the lower leaf surface (hypostomy), but occur on both surfaces (amphistomy) in many species (Metcalfe & Chalk, ; Parkhurst, ; Mott et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio among British angiosperms

Muir

2017

New Phytologist

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In most plants, stomata are located only on the abaxial leaf surface (hypostomy), but many plants have stomata on both surfaces (amphistomy). High light and herbaceous growth form have been hypothesized to favor amphistomy, but these hypotheses have not been rigorously tested together using phylogenetic comparative methods. I leveraged a large dataset including stomatal ratio, Ellenberg light indicator value, growth form and phylogenetic relationships for 372 species of British angiosperms. I used phylogenetic comparative methods to test how light and/or growth form influence stomatal ratio and density. High light and herbaceous growth form are correlated with amphistomy, as predicted, but they also interact; the effect of light is pronounced in therophytes (annuals) and perennial herbs, but muted in phanerophytes (shrubs and trees). Furthermore, amphistomy and stomatal density evolve together in response to light. Comparative analyses of British angiosperms reveal two major insights. First, light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio; amphistomy is common under high light, but mostly for herbs. Second, coordinated evolution of adaxial stomatal density and light tolerance indicates that amphistomy helps to optimally balance light acquisition with gas exchange. Stomatal ratio may have potential as a functional trait for paleoecology and crop improvement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio among British angiosperms

Muir

2017

New Phytologist

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“…A previous study of 90 species of woody and semi-woody plants showed that f ranged from 2.8% to 33% (Cornelissen et al, 2003), and our study extended the range of f from 0.20% to 40.5%. This 200-fold variation in f across species would have strong functional consequences, as f reflects variation in stomatal pore index (across our species, SPI was tightly correlated with f; R 2 = 0.94, p < .001; Figure S3a), and in the anatomical maximum stomatal conductance (Sack & Buckley, 2016; R 2 = 0.43, p < .001; Figure S3b).…”

Section: Variation In Leaf Stomatal Traitsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Variation of stomatal traits from cold temperate to tropical forests and association with water use efficiency

et al. 2017

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Abstract1. Stomata control carbon and water vapour exchange between leaves and the atmosphere, thus it can influence water use efficiency (WUE) and reflect plant adaptation to climate. However, the spatial patterns of leaf stomatal traits and relationships between stomatal trait and WUE across natural communities remain unclear.2. We measured stomatal density, stomatal size and stomatal area fraction for 737 plant species from nine forests ranging from tropical to cold temperate forests.3. Stomatal density, stomatal size and stomatal area fraction were all log-normally distributed, and different across species, plant functional groups (trees, shrubs, and herbs), and communities. At the regional scale, variation in stomatal traits was primarily related to species, followed by climate and soil types.4. The community-weighted mean of stomatal size increased linearly with latitude, whereas those of stomatal density and stomatal area fraction showed humpbacked relationship. The community-weighted mean of stomatal area fraction was correlated with climatic aridity, consistent with the adaptation strategies of plant species to achieve high maximum rates of gas exchange in arid regions when water is available. Further, community-weighted mean of stomatal area fraction was positively correlated with WUE in natural forest communities, indicating that plants have lower stomatal conductance in order to adapt greater aridity conditions. 5. These findings highlight the strong associations of stomatal traits with plant functional group and climate at a regional scale, representing the adaptation strategies of stomatal traits across natural forest communities to climate. K E Y W O R D Scommunity, phylogeny, plant functional group, stomata, water use efficiency

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“…Stomatal measurements were obtained from microscopy images taken from nail varnish impressions of both leaf surfaces. We measured stomatal density ( d ) and stomatal index (i.e., differentiation rate, the number of stomata per numbers of stomata plus epidermal pavement cells, i ), stomatal pore length (SP L ), guard cell length and width (GC L , GC W ), stomatal area ( s ) and epidermal pavement cell area ( e ) (Sack, Melcher, Liu, Middleton, & Pardee, ) and calculated the maximum theoretical stomatal conductance ( g max ; Franks & Farquhar, ; Sack & Buckley, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fourth, we hypothesized that across species, RGR and m would be positively correlated due to life-history trade-offs, and parallel associations with given traits (Kitajima, 1994;Philipson et al, 2014;Russo et al, 2010;Visser et al, 2016;Wright et al, 2010). Further, we hypothesized that RGR and m would relate positively to photosynthetic rate (Donovan & Ehleringer, 1994;); leaf area (Iida et al, 2016), N and P concentrations (Iida et al, 2016;Osone, Ishida, & Tateno, 2008); the sizes and numbers of stomata (Hetherington & Woodward, 2003;Wang et al, 2015); maximum stomatal conductance and vein densities (Hetherington & Woodward, 2003;Iida et al, 2016), and negatively to LMA (…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An extensive suite of functional traits distinguishes Hawaiian wet and dry forests and enables prediction of species vital rates

et al. 2018

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The application of functional traits to predict and explain plant species’ distributions and vital rates has been a major direction in functional ecology for decades, yet numerous physiological traits have not yet been incorporated into the approach. Using commonly measured traits such as leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WD), and additional traits related to water transport, gas exchange and resource economics, including leaf vein, stomatal and wilting traits, we tested hypotheses for Hawaiian wet montane and lowland dry forests (MWF and LDF, respectively): (1) Forests would differ in a wide range of traits as expected from contrasting adaptation; (2) trait values would be more convergent among dry than wet forest species due to the stronger environmental filtering; (3) traits would be intercorrelated within “modules” supporting given functions; (4) relative growth rate (RGR) and mortality rate (m) would correlate with a number of specific traits; with (5) stronger relationships when stratifying by tree size; and (6) RGR and m can be strongly explained from trait‐based models. The MWF species’ traits were associated with adaptation to high soil moisture and nutrient supply and greater shade tolerance, whereas the LDF species’ traits were associated with drought tolerance. Thus, on average, MWF species achieved higher maximum heights than LDF species and had leaves with larger epidermal cells, higher maximum stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rate, lower vein lengths per area, higher saturated water content and greater shrinkage when dry, lower dry matter content, higher phosphorus concentration, lower nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, high chlorophyll to nitrogen ratio, high carbon isotope discrimination, high stomatal conductance to nitrogen ratio, less negative turgor loss point and lower WD. Functional traits were more variable in the MWF than LDF, were correlated within modules, and predicted species’ RGR and m across forests, with stronger relationships when stratifying by tree size. Models based on multiple traits predicted vital rates across forests (R2 = 0.70–0.72; p < 0.01). Our findings are consistent with a powerful role of broad suites of functional traits in contributing to forest species’ distributions, integrated plant design and vital rates. A plain language summary is available for this article.

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The Developmental Basis of Stomatal Density and Flux

Cited by 97 publications

References 45 publications

Light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio among British angiosperms

Light and growth form interact to shape stomatal ratio among British angiosperms

Variation of stomatal traits from cold temperate to tropical forests and association with water use efficiency

An extensive suite of functional traits distinguishes Hawaiian wet and dry forests and enables prediction of species vital rates

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