The Development of Vocational Education in Canada

A Context-Choice Model of Niche Entrepreneurship

“…Pahnke and Welter (2019) contrast the Silicon Valley model of entrepreneurship with the German Mittelstand model, and illustrate how distinct strategies are shaped to achieve innovativeness. This reinforces the notion that concepts such as entrepreneurial orientation have mostly been applied in a one dimensional manner in relation to the Silicon Valley model (Deloitte, 2016;Rauch et al, 2009;Wiklund, 1999). However, niche firms can also achieve a strong entrepreneurial orientation.…”

“…Measured through an ordinal variable, where 1 = decentrally organized VET (private investments); 2 = hybrid systems; 3 = centrally organized VET (public provision). Cedefop (2020); UNESCO-UNEVOC (2012); Keating, Medrich, Volkoff et al (2002); Iram and Balicki (1980); Euler (2013); Fama and Jensen (1983); Wollschlager and Reuter-Kumpmann (2004) ; Misko (2006); Lyons et al (1991) Dualistic board An evaluation of corporate governance law system of 217 countries investigated if board systems are monistic, dualistic, hybrid or optional between the former two.…”

The contradictory location of high school apprenticeship in Canada

“…Smaller adds that vocational education 'open connotes a teaching-learning process that is less demanding, or intellectually less rigorous, than academic schooling ' (2003, 97). This is echoed by other writers who describe it as the lowest form of education or training aimed at preparation for working-class or 'problem groups' of youth (Benavot 1983;Lyons, Randhawa, and Paulson 1991;Raffe 1994). The belief that vocational education serves the 'less able' led to a 'deficit view' of vocational education and training that continues to inform policy today (Unwin 2004, 151).…”

“…The federal government helped to decide this debate by providing funding to promote technical education at the high school level through the 1919 Technical Education Act (Lyons, Randhawa, and Paulson 1991). This was followed by the Vocational Training Coordination Act in 1942 which provided funds for vocational courses in schools and the 1945 Vocational Schools Assistance Agreement, which provided shared cost assistance to provinces to create provincial composite high schools.…”

L'influence du facteur religieux dans le financement des écoles privées au Québec et en Ontario

“…3). La même année, Ryerson initie l'intégration graduelle des grammar schools au réseau public, créant ainsi des écoles secondaires publiques et des écoles professionnelles publiques complètement financées par les taxes et contrôlées par l’État (Lyons et coll ., 1991 : 139; Manzer, 2003 : 92). En 1876, l'année du départ de Ryerson du poste de surintendant de l’éducation, la responsabilité du système scolaire est transférée au nouveau ministre de l'Instruction publique assurant ainsi une centralisation accrue du système éducatif et consolidant le rôle crucial de l’État en éducation (Manzer, 2003 : 45).…”