The development of vehicle recycling in Europe: Sorting, shredding, and separation

Abstract

The large scale mechanical processing of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) started in the United States and was improved in Europe. In the United States, ELV recycling focused on high volumes while in Europe, optimization of processing plants was directed at high grades and recoveries. Legislation by the European Commission (EC) and the fast-growing consumption of metals in China has created an uneven playing fi eld and new markets, which infl uences the technological developments in the United States and the European Union. In the Netherlands, the EC legislation has been implemented by car dismantling and in the future, mechanical auto shredder residue processing will be added to reduce cost.

Innovation in product and services in the shipping retrofit industry: a case study of ballast water treatment systems

“…In Europe, it is likely that a large share of the BWTS (as part of the ship) waste materials are recycled (Ahuja et al, 2011), assuming that most of the components are manufactured using (high grade) metals and plastics. This is also the case in the automobile sector, where due to regulatory drivers up to 95% of the materials in cars are to be recycled in 2015 in Europe (Dalmijn and Jong, 2007). When regulatory drivers such as the IMO guidelines on ship recycling are applied to BWTS, the environmental impact over the full BWTS life cycle is reduced.…”

Effect of nickel on the microstructure and mechanical property of die-cast Al–Mg–Si–Mn alloy

“…2 to 5, the dendritic Ni-rich intermetallics were usually associated with the primary α-Al phase. SEM/EDX quantification identified that the dendritic Ni-rich intermetallics were of the typical composition of Al (Fe,Mn) [2][3][4][5][6][7] SiNi [4][5][6][7][8][9] , as shown in Table 3. Meanwhile, the eutectic Ni-rich intermetallics were usually associated with Al-Mg 2 Si eutectic phase and segregated at the primary α-Al grain boundaries.…”

“…Aluminium's weight to strength ratio and its high recyclability potential has resulted in a number of aluminium intensive vehicles being released by major automotive manufacturers. This light-weighting strategy has resulted in a decrease of CO 2 produced during the vehicle use phase and also in the manufacturing stage by reducing the use primary aluminium through utilising end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) metal scrap recycling [4,5]. Up to 75% of aluminium recycled in Europe has been used for applications in transportation [6].…”

“…Ni was found to be always associated with iron, forming AlFeMnSiNi intermetallics and no Al 3 Ni intermetallic was observed when Ni concentrations were up to 2.06wt% in the alloy. Although with different morphologies, the Ni-rich intermetallics were identified as the same AlFeMnSiNi phase bearing a typical composition of Al (Fe,Mn) [2][3][4][5][6][7] SiNi [4][5][6][7][8][9]. With increasing Ni content, the spacing of the -Al-Mg 2 Si eutectic phase was enlarged in the Al-Mg-Si-Mn alloy.…”

The existed problem, countermeasure and development trend for collection and recycling system of end-of-life vehicles in China

“…By exploring the limits of recycling on a fundamental basis, the fundamental limits for the recycling of end-of-life vehicles were researched [22]. Legislation by the European Commission and the fast-growing consumption of metals had created an uneven playing field and new markets, which influenced the technological developments in the United States and the European Union, the development of vehicle recycling in Europe was analyzed [23]. Based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive, the impact of the ELV Directive on green innovation and vehicle recovery was assessed [24].…”