The development of unfired clay building material using Brick Dust Waste and Mercia mudstone clay

Future of clay-based construction materials – A review

“…Oti et al [46] The results also showed that the water absorption rate for all the mixtures was extremely low. The results also showed that up to the age of 120 days, the strength of the CSEBs stabilised with cement alone was higher than that stabilised with cement and lime.…”

“…According to the reviewed studies and amongst the variety of stabilizers utilised, cement and lime have been the most popular stabilizers in the production of stabilised clay-based construction materials. Cement and/or lime were used either alone [37][38][39][42][43][44], in combination with each other [35,36] or in combination with other stabilisers such as GGBS or PFA [45][46][47]. However, two of the reviewed studies were used different stabilisers such as calcium carbide residue with rice husk ash [40] and magnesium oxide rich kiln dust [41].…”

“…The dosage of lime as stabiliser was similar to that of the cement (ranging between 2% and 12%). Additionally, the lime and cement were blended with GGBS or PFA to boost the hydration process of these materials by the highly alkaline environment (pH > 12) and accelerate the production of cementitious compound that binds the soil together [45,46]. In some cases, the stabiliser dosage were relatively high with 22% for [46] and 25% for [36].…”

“…Additionally, the lime and cement were blended with GGBS or PFA to boost the hydration process of these materials by the highly alkaline environment (pH > 12) and accelerate the production of cementitious compound that binds the soil together [45,46]. In some cases, the stabiliser dosage were relatively high with 22% for [46] and 25% for [36]. Regarding the dosage of stabiliser for the paper with calcium carbide residue and rice husk ash [40] were in the range of 5-12% while the magnesium oxide rich kiln dust [41] was in the range of 3-18%.…”

“…The reviewed studies indicated that the production of C-S-H and C-A-S-H gel phases increased with increasing the amounts of stabiliser in the mixture [36,37,39,40,45]. This was due to the chemical reaction occurring between the CaO from the cement, lime and other stabilisers and amorphous silica provided by clay together with the high alkalinity environment of cement or lime [37,39,45,46]. These gels tend to fill pores and grow into capillary spaces, resulting in a more impermeable, dense and higher-strength structure [48,49].…”