The Development of Tool Using in Wild-Born and Restriction-Reared Chimpanzees

Menzel, Emil W.; Davenport, Richard K.; Rogers, Ch.M.

doi:10.1159/000155297

Cited by 97 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Alternatively, the effects of institutionalized care may be more evident in chimpanzees at older ages. We favor the conclusion that the current nursery chimpanzees did not experience severe deprivation, and that only chimpanzees raised in isolation suffer long-lasting and more severe deficits in cognitive responses (e.g., Menzel, Davenport, & Rogers, 1970).…”

Section: Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 74%

Enhancement of attachment and cognitive development of young nursery‐reared chimpanzees in responsive versus standard care

IJzendoorn

Bard

Bakermans‐Kranenburg

et al. 2008

Developmental Psychobiology

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Forty-six nursery-reared chimpanzee infants (22 females and 24 males) receiving either standard care (n = 29) or responsive care (n = 17) at the Great Ape Nursery at Yerkes participated in this study. Standard care (ST) consisted primarily of peer-rearing, with humans providing essential health-related care. Responsive care (RC) consisted of an additional 4 hr of interaction 5 days a week with human caregivers who were specially trained to enhance species-typical chimpanzee socio-emotional and communicative development. At 9 months, ST and RC chimpanzees were examined with the Bayley Scales for Infant Development to assess their Mental Development Index (MDI). At 12 months, the chimpanzees were assessed with their human caregivers in the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). In this first study to use the SSP in chimpanzees, nursery-reared chimpanzees exhibited the definite patterns of distress, proximity seeking, and exploration that underpin the SSP for human infants. In ST chimpanzees the attachment classification distribution was similar to that of human infants raised in Greek or Romanian orphanages. RC chimpanzees showed less disorganized attachment to their human caregivers, had a more advanced cognitive development, and displayed less object attachment compared to ST chimpanzees. Responsive care stimulates chimpanzees' cognitive and emotional development, and is an important factor in ameliorating some of the adverse effects of institutional care.

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Section: Cognitive Developmentmentioning

confidence: 74%

Enhancement of attachment and cognitive development of young nursery‐reared chimpanzees in responsive versus standard care

IJzendoorn

Bard

Bakermans‐Kranenburg

et al. 2008

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…The archival primate literature includes reports, some decades old that have demonstrated the negative impact of environmental and rearing conditions, especially early in development (Menzel et al, 1970;Brent et al, 1995). In addition, variations in environment and/or rearing can also account for inconsistent performances on the same tasks by different groups of chimpanzees (Bania et al, 2009;Bard and Gardner ,1996;Bering, 2004;Brent et al, 1995;Bulloch et al, 2008;Call and Tomasello, 1996;Furlong et al, 2008;Tomasello and Call, 2004;Tomasello et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehension of functional support by enculturated chimpanzees Pan troglodytes

Yocom

Boysen

2011

Current Zoology

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Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chimpanzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli & colleagues (2000) for tool tasks by laboratory chimpanzees. The present set of experiments tested nine enculturated chimpanzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli (2000), during which food rewards were presented in different experimental configurations. In Experiment 1, stimulus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right corner or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a corner, with the second pair comprised of a cloth with food on the upper right corner, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experiment 1. In a second study, the experimental choices included one of two possible correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containment. All nine chimpanzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experiment 3, four unique conditions were presented, combining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group performance on individual conditions was also significant. Superior performance was demonstrated by female subjects in Experiment 3, similar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chimpanzees and some tool tasks in captive chimpanzees. The present results for Experiments 2 & 3 were significantly differed from those reported by Povinelli et al. (2000) for laboratory-born, peer-reared chimpanzees. One contribution towards the dramatic differences between the two study populations may be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chimpanzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturation, rich social interactions with humans and conspecifics, as well as active exploration of artifacts, materials, and other aspects of their physical environment had a significant impact on the animals' ability to recognize the support relationships among the stimulus choices. Overall, the present findings provide strong support for the hypothesis that our chimpanzee subjects based their responses on an understanding of functional support which represented one facet of their folk physics repertoire [Current Zoology 57 (4): 429-440, 2011]. Keywords Chimpanzees, Comparative cognition, Tool use, CausalityTool use by wild chimpanzees is a ubiquitous feature of daily life in many chimpanzee communities across equatorial Africa, and is represented by a range of cultures within these populations that regularly use tools that can be specific to the community (Boesch and Boesch, 1990;Boesch-Achermann and Boesch, 1993;Goodall, 1986;McGrew, 1992;Sakura and Matsuzawa, 1991;Whiten et al., 1999). Since the initial discoveries by Goodall (1964), each year,...

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“…Five lines of evidence suggest that ladder using was influenced by social experience: (1) Chimpanzees reared under conditions of social deprivation are inferior to wild-borns even in the simplest forms of instrumental play [Menzel et a!., 1970]. (2) Wild-born groups themselves differ.…”

Section: Social and Protocultural Aspects O F Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Invention of Ladders in a Group of Young Chimpanzees

Menzel¹

1972

IJFP

Self Cite

103

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One member of a social unit of 8 wild-born captive chimpanzees learned to gain access to elevated points such as windows and trees by using a pole as a bridge between two points. ‘Ladder making’ behavior soon spread across the rest of the group. In some cases 2 or more animals collaborated in setting up poles. This paper describes the developmental history and the social background of this behavior, and indicates its implications for theories of nonhuman tool-using.

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The Development of Tool Using in Wild-Born and Restriction-Reared Chimpanzees

Cited by 97 publications

References 4 publications

Enhancement of attachment and cognitive development of young nursery‐reared chimpanzees in responsive versus standard care

Enhancement of attachment and cognitive development of young nursery‐reared chimpanzees in responsive versus standard care

Comprehension of functional support by enculturated chimpanzees Pan troglodytes

Spontaneous Invention of Ladders in a Group of Young Chimpanzees

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