The Development of Thermoscan® Instant Thermometer

Fraden, Jacob

doi:10.1177/0009922891030004s04

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Past research in people has reported that tympanic membrane and hypothalamus share a blood supply from the carotid arteries (14, 15) and an ear temperature reading is reflective of heat from both tympanic membrane and ear canal (42). Therefore, BT ear reported in sedentary and exercising dogs may also be a surrogate of brain temperature, but needs to be confirmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Dogs Drinking a Nutrient-Enriched Water Maintain Cooler Body Temperature and Improved Pulse Rate Recovery After Exercise

Zanghi¹,

Robbins

Ramos

et al. 2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Exercise-related physiological changes were evaluated in hydrated, exercise-conditioned working dogs with free access to tap water (TW) with or without a nutrient-enriched water supplement (NW). Physiological samples and measures were collected before and after work-related field tasks in a warm and moderately humid ambient environment. In a cross-over design study, 12 dogs (age range 8–23 months) were evaluated on 3 separate occasions within each period with exercise bouts up to 30 min, on days −4, 3, and 11. Dogs were offered either ad libitum TW or portion-controlled NW daily plus ad libitum TW. Prior to and serially after exercise, pulse rate (PR), core (BTcore) and ear (BTear) temperature were recorded. Urine was collected first thing in the morning, whereas blood samples collected and body weight (BW) recorded pre- and immediately post exercise. Ambient temperature was above 21.7°C (71°F) and relative humidity ranged from 36 to 76%. Activity parameters, AM urine measures, post-exercise percent change of BW, resting PR and resting BTcore did not differ between treatment groups on any exercise day. At the completion of exercise, mean BTcore for all dogs ranged from 104.8 to 105.6°F. Immediate post-exercise BTear was always lower compared to BTcore and means ranged from 103.3 to 104.0°F. The effect of time was highly significant (P < 0.001) for both BT measures with both BTcore and BTear recovering to resting levels by 60 min post exercise. PR and several blood values showed a significant main effect of time. Over the recovery period, dogs in the NW group had lower mean BTear and PR by 0.6°F and 3.4 bpm, respectively. Daily ingestion of a NW in combination with free access to TW can reduce the post-exercise-related BTcore and BTear hyperthermia, and improve pulse rate recovery following exercise in this population of working dogs undergoing 30 min bout of exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Dogs Drinking a Nutrient-Enriched Water Maintain Cooler Body Temperature and Improved Pulse Rate Recovery After Exercise

Zanghi¹,

Robbins

Ramos

et al. 2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Past research has reported that tympanic membrane and hypothalamus share blood supply from the carotid arteries (24, 25), and a reading is reflective of heat from both tympanic membrane and ear canal (26). Areas of the eye, especially around the posterior border of the eyelid and the lacrimal caruncle, have rich capillary beds that respond to changes in blood flow resulting in localized temperature changes in people (27), cattle (28), and dogs (8, 29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye and Ear Temperature Using Infrared Thermography Are Related to Rectal Temperature in Dogs at Rest or With Exercise

Zanghi

2016

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Rectal body temperature (BT) has been documented in exercising dogs to monitor thermoregulation, heat stress risk, and performance during physical activity. Eye (BTeye) and ear (BTear) temperature measured with infrared thermography (IRT) were compared to rectal (BTrec) temperature as the reference method and assess alternative sites to track hyperthermia, possibly to establish BTeye IRT as a passive and non-contact method. BT measures were recorded at 09:00, 11:30, 12:30, and 02:30 from Labrador Retrievers (N = 16) and Beagles (N = 16) while sedentary and with 30-min play-exercise (pre- and 0, 15, 30-min post-exercise). Total exercise locomotor activity counts were recorded to compare relative intensity of play-exercise between breeds. BTrec, BTeye, and BTear were measured within 5 min of the target time. Each BT method was analyzed by analysis of variance for main effects of breed and time. Method differences were compared using Bland–Altman plots and linear regression. Sedentary BT differed by breed for BTrec (p < 0.0001), BTear (p < 0.0001), and BTeye (p = 0.06) with Labs having on average 0.3–0.8°C higher BT compared to Beagles. Readings also declined over time for BTeye (p < 0.0001) and BTear (p < 0.0001), but not for BTrec (p = 0.63) for both breeds. Total exercise (30-min) activity counts did not differ (p = 0.53) between breeds. Time and breed interaction was significant in response to exercise for both BTrec and BTear (p = 0.035 and p = 0.005, respectively), with a marginal interaction (p = 0.09) for BTeye. All the three methods detected hyperthermia with Labs having a higher increase compared to Beagles. Both BTear and BTeye were significantly (p < 0.0001) related to BTrec in all dogs with sedentary or exercise activity. The relationship between BTeye and BTrec improved when monitoring exercise hyperthermia (r = 0.674) versus measures at rest (r = 0.381), whereas BTear was significantly related to BTrec regardless of activity (r = 0.615–0.735). Although BT readings were significantly related, method bias (p < 0.02) was observed for BTeye to slightly underestimate BTrec, whereas no bias was observed between BTear and BTrec. This study demonstrates that IRT technology effectively measures both ear and eye temperature and enables effective monitoring of BT changes at rest, with exercise, and between breeds. However, ear, and not eye, temperature is a better reflection of rectal temperature.

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“…Most studies use surrogates as the rectal method, although the rectum might also suffer from disadvantages, as there is a lag between changes in arterial temperature and the reflection of this in the rectal temperature (9). However, rectal temperature measurement can be stressful for the patient, time consuming, can be influenced by feces in the rectum and can even be a source of cross contamination (5,10,13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, rectal temperature measurement has been the most common method for obtaining body temperature in dogs and cats and is considered to be the gold standard. Auricular thermometers have originally been developed for human use to provide temperature measurements less invasively (5,10). Studies show that auricular thermometry is fast and well tolerated in dogs and cats (6,13,16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of auricular and rectal temperature measurement in normothermic, hypothermic, and hyperthermic dogs

Konietschke¹,

Kruse²,

Müller³

et al. 2014

Tierarztl Prax Ausg K

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Summary Objective: Measurement of rectal temperature is the most common method and considered gold standard for obtaining body temperature in dogs. So far, no study has been performed comparing agreement between rectal and auricular measurements in a large case series. The purpose of the study was to assess agreement between rectal and auricular temperature measurement in normothermic, hypothermic, and hyperthermic dogs with consideration of different environmental conditions and ear conformations. Materials and methods: Reference values for both methods were established using 62 healthy dogs. Three hundred dogs with various diseases (220 normothermic, 32 hypothermic, 48 hyperthermic) were enrolled in this prospective study. Rectal temperature was compared to auricular temperature and differences in agreement with regard to environmental temperature, relative humidity, and different ear conformations (pendulous versus prick ears) were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Correlation between rectal and auricular temperature was significant (r: 0.892; p < 0.01). However, Bland-Altman plots showed an inacceptable variation of values (bias: 0.300 °C; limits of agreement: –0.606 to 1.206 °C). This variation was above a maximal clinical tolerance of 0.3 °C, which was established by experts’ opinion (n = 16). Relative humidity had a significant influence (p = 0.001), whereas environmental temperature did not. Conclusion: Variation between the two methods of measuring body temperature was clinically unacceptable. Clinical relevance: Although measurement of auricular temperature is fast, simple, and well tolerated, this method provides a clinically unacceptable difference to the rectal measurement.

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The Development of Thermoscan® Instant Thermometer

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Working Dogs Drinking a Nutrient-Enriched Water Maintain Cooler Body Temperature and Improved Pulse Rate Recovery After Exercise

Working Dogs Drinking a Nutrient-Enriched Water Maintain Cooler Body Temperature and Improved Pulse Rate Recovery After Exercise

Eye and Ear Temperature Using Infrared Thermography Are Related to Rectal Temperature in Dogs at Rest or With Exercise

Comparison of auricular and rectal temperature measurement in normothermic, hypothermic, and hyperthermic dogs

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