The development of the spinal motor column in relation to the myotomal muscle fibers in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

Raamsdonk, W. van; Mos, W.; Smit-Onel, M.J.; Laarse, Willem J. van der; Fehres, R.

doi:10.1007/bf00304606

Cited by 78 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The underlying assumption is that all motoneurons receive equal synaptic inputs such that small motoneurons with less surface area, and thereby a higher input resistance, would be In larval zebrafish the recruitment of motoneurons follows the size principle 11 . The motor column in larvae does not extend laterally and motoneurons are located medially with a ventro-dorsal organization only [16][17][18] . It consists of the first differentiated primary motoneurons and the dorsal secondary motoneurons born shortly thereafter 17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The motoneurons innervating these fibers are located in the lateral aspect of the motor column 18,19 , but it is still unclear if these "red" motoneurons are a class of neurons that appear later during development (when red muscle fibers develop). According to this arrangement, we show that the ventrolateral motoneurons innervating the late developing slow muscle fibers are activated during slow swimming activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recruitment of interneurons at faster speeds is accompanied by the silencing of those driving movements at slower speeds [13][14][15] . In zebrafish, motoneurons develop along the dorso-ventral axis with the early born, large primary motoneurons located dorsally and later born, small secondary motoneurons located ventrally [16][17][18][19] . At early developmental stages, zebrafish larvae swim in bursts and only embryonic muscle fibers are developed [20][21][22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principles governing recruitment of motoneurons during swimming in zebrafish

et al. 2010

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Locomotor movements are coordinated by a network of neurons that produces sequential muscle activation. Different motoneurons need to be recruited in an orderly manner to generate movement with appropriate speed and force. However, the mechanisms governing the recruitment order have not been fully clarified. Here we show, using an in vitro juvenile/adult zebrafish brainstem-spinal cord preparation, that motoneurons are organized in four pools with specific topographic locations and are incrementally recruited to produce swimming at different frequencies. The threshold of recruitment is not dictated by the input resistance of motoneurons but is rather set by a combination of specific biophysical properties and the strength of the synaptic currents. Thus, our results provide insights into the cellular and synaptic computations governing recruitment of motoneurons during locomotion.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principles governing recruitment of motoneurons during swimming in zebrafish

et al. 2010

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“…(Fig.·3). Similarly, slow fibre number was reported to increase with body length in the zebrafish, a species that only reaches 5-6·cm when fully grown (Van Raamsdonk et al, 1983). In contrast, most studies have shown that the recruitment of fast muscle fibres continues until a defined body length, after which growth is entirely by the hypertrophy of fibres formed earlier in development (Weatherley et al, 1980(Weatherley et al, , 1988Stickland, 1983;Johnston et al, 2000cJohnston et al, , 2003a.…”

Section: Rearing Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid evolution of muscle fibre number in post-glacial populations of Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus

Johnston

Abercromby

Vieira

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Thingvallavatn, the largest and one of the oldest lakes in Iceland,contains four morphs of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Dwarf benthic (DB), large benthic (LB), planktivorous (PL) and piscivorous (PI)morphs can be distinguished and differ markedly in head morphology,colouration and maximum fork length (FLmax), reflecting their different resource specialisations within the lake. The four morphs in Thingvallavatn are thought to have been isolated for approximately 10 000 years, since shortly after the end of the last Ice Age. We tested the null hypothesis that the pattern of muscle fibre recruitment was the same in all morphs, reflecting their recent diversification. The cross-sectional areas of fast and slow muscle fibres were measured at 0.7 FL in 46 DB morphs, 23 LB morphs, 24 PL morphs and 22 PI morphs, and the ages of the charr were estimated using sacculus otoliths. In fish larger than 10 g, the maximum fibre diameter scaled with body mass(Mb)0.18 for both fibre types in all morphs. The number of myonuclei per cm fibre length increased with fibre diameter, but was similar between morphs. On average, at 60 μm diameter, there were 2264 nuclei cm–1 in slow fibres and 1126 nuclei cm–1 in fast fibres. The absence of fibres of diameter 4–10 μm was used to determine the FL at which muscle fibre recruitment stopped. Slow fibre number increased with body length in all morphs, scaling with Mb0.45. In contrast, the recruitment of fast muscle fibres continued until a clearly identifiable FL, corresponding to 18–19 cm in the dwarf morph, 24–26 cm in the pelagic morph, 32–33 cm in the large benthic morph and 34–35 cm in the piscivorous morph. The maximum fast fibre number(FNmax) in the dwarf morph (6.97×104) was 56.5% of that found in the LB and PI morphs combined(1.23×105) (P<0.001). Muscle fibre recruitment continued until a threshold body size and occurred at a range of ages,starting at 4+ years in the DB morph and 7+ years in the LB and PI morphs. Our null hypothesis was therefore rejected for fast muscle and it was concluded that the dwarf condition was associated with a reduction in fibre number. We then investigated whether variations in development temperature associated with different spawning sites and periods were responsible for the observed differences in muscle cellularity between morphs. Embryos from the DB, LB and PL morphs were incubated at temperature regimes simulating cold subterranean spring-fed sites (2.2–3.2°C) and the general lakebed(4–7°C). Myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs) were identified using specific antibodies to Paired box protein 7 (Pax 7), Forkhead box protein K1-α (FoxK1-α), MyoD and Myf-5. The progeny showed no evidence of developmental plasticity in the numbers of either MPCs or muscle fibres. Juveniles and adult stages of the DB and LB morphs coexist and have a similar diet. We therefore conclude that the reduction in FNmax in the dwarf morph probably has a genetic basis and that gene networks regulating myotube production are under high selection pressure. To explain these findings we propose that there is an optimal fibre size, and hence number,which varies with maximum body size and reflects a trade-off between diffusional constraints on fibre diameter and the energy costs of maintaining ionic gradients. The predictions of the optimal fibre size hypothesis and its consequences for the adaptive evolution of muscle architecture in fishes are briefly discussed.

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“…In addition to stratified hyperplasia, another type of hyperplasia, mosaic hyperplasia, results in a large increase in total fiber number during juvenile growth, and is therefore very common in commercially important aquatic species that grow to a large size. Mosaic hyperplasia is greatly reduced or entirely lacking in species such as zebrafish, guppies and other fish that remain small (Van Raamsdonk et al, 1983;Gill, 1984, 1985;Weatherley et al, 1988). The lack of a dramatic effect on enhancing muscle growth in zebrafish could be due to the lack of mosaic hyperplasia in zebrafish.…”

Section: Myostatin Functions In Regulating Fish Muscle Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis ofmyostatingene structure, expression and function in zebrafish

Zohar

et al. 2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

178

105

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SUMMARYMyostatin is a member of the TGF-β family that functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth in mammals. Recently,Myostatin has also been identified in fish; however, its role in fish muscle development and growth remains unknown. We have reported here the isolation and characterization of myostatin genomic gene from zebrafish and analysis of its expression in zebrafish embryos, larvae and adult skeletal muscles. Our data showed that myostatin was weakly expressed in early stage zebrafish embryos, and strongly expressed in swimming larvae, juvenile and skeletal muscles of adult zebrafish. Transient expression analysis revealed that the 1.2 kb zebrafish myostatin 5′ flanking sequence could direct green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression predominantly in muscle cells, suggesting that the myostatin 5′ flanking sequence contained regulatory elements required for muscle expression. To determine the biological function of Myostatin in fish, we generated a transgenic line that overexpresses the Myostatin prodomain in zebrafish skeletal muscles using a muscle-specific promoter. The Myostatin prodomain could act as a dominant negative and inhibit Myostatin function in skeletal muscles. Transgenic zebrafish expressing the Myostatin prodomain exhibited no significant change in myogenic gene expression and differentiation of slow and fast muscle cells at their embryonic stage. The transgenic fish, however,exhibited an increased number of myofibers in skeletal muscles, but no significant difference in fiber size. Together, these data demonstrate that Myostatin plays an inhibitory role in hyperplastic muscle growth in zebrafish.

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The development of the spinal motor column in relation to the myotomal muscle fibers in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)

Cited by 78 publications

References 27 publications

Principles governing recruitment of motoneurons during swimming in zebrafish

Principles governing recruitment of motoneurons during swimming in zebrafish

Rapid evolution of muscle fibre number in post-glacial populations of Arctic charrSalvelinus alpinus

Analysis ofmyostatingene structure, expression and function in zebrafish

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