The Development of the Intestinal Flora of the Young Chick

Huhtanen, C. N.; Pensack, J. M.

doi:10.3382/ps.0440825

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The results reported here have confirmed those of Smith (1965) in showing that faecal streptococci and coli-aerogenes bacteria usually predominate in the caeca of chicks for the first few days after hatching, while lactobacilli become established more slowly; Huhtanen and Pensack (1965) also demonstrated the early predominance of faecal streptococci.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Reports on the composition of the initial flora of the caeca vary but the predominant organisms during the first few days are usually facultatively anaerobic bacteria including faecal streptococci and coli-aerogenes bacteria (Shapiro and Sarles, 1949;Ochi et al, 1964;Huhtanen and Pensack, 1965;Smith, 1965). Obligate anaerobes then become established, but the flora continues to change over several weeks and is ultimately more complex than that found in other regions of the gut where strict anaerobes do not proliferate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Some observations on the caecal micro‐flora of the chick during the first two weeks of life

Mead

Adams

1975

British Poultry Science

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1. Changes in the caecal flora of chicks aged from approximately 3 h to 14 d were studied. 2. Counts obtained by means of a conventional anaerobic plating method and a method for the stricter anaerobes remained comparable throughout but occasionally it was found that strains of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the predominant flora of 4- to 14-d-old birds could not be grown when tested by the conventional method. 3. During the 14-d period approximately 100% of the organisms isolated on anaerobic plates utilised uric acid up to the third day but the incidence subsequently declined and in one case represented only 4% of the total flora. 4. The predominant uric acid-utilising bacteria were Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli up to 3 d of age and various types of anaerobic bacteria thereafter. 5. None of the isolates showed an absolute requirement for uric acid.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Some observations on the caecal micro‐flora of the chick during the first two weeks of life

Mead

Adams

1975

British Poultry Science

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“…(Table 1). The predominant organisms during the first few days were usually facultative anaerobes including fecal E. co/f-type bacteria (Huhtanen and Pensack, 1965). Moreover, up to 3 days of age the predominant bacteria were E. coli, but various types of anaerobic bacteria were found thereafter (Mead and Adams, 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Intestinal Microflora on the Prevention of Salmonella Colonization in Gnotobiotic Chickens

et al. 1991

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The possible role of the intestinal microflora in inhibiting the colonization of Salmonella in the ceca of gnotobiotic chickens was investigated. In the cecal contents of newly hatched (2-day-old) and adult normal (7-mo-old) chickens, a larger number of Escherichia coli and a smaller number of Lactobacillus sp. were noticed in 2-day-old chickens than in adult chickens. Gnotobiotic chickens treated with cecal contents from either newly hatched or adult birds were orally exposed to Salmonella typhimurium, and on the following day S. typhimurium in the ceca were counted. The adult microflora prevented S. typhimurium colonization more strongly than did the microflora of newly hatched chicks. Gnotobiotic chickens treated with E. coli, Lactobacillus sp., or the mixture of both organisms were orally inoculated with S. typhimurium. The mixture of both organisms suppressed S. typhimurium colonization most effectively, followed by E. coli alone and Lactobacillus sp. alone, Escherichia coli may play a role of competitive exclusion only in newly hatched chickens, whereas Lactobacillus sp. may have a partial role in adult chickens.

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“…The early enteric flora of 1-day-old chicks which were not yet fed, consisted mainly of enterococci (Huhtanen & Pensack, 1965). Approximately 64 to 99% of enterococci isolated at day 1 (Kaukas et al, 1986;1987;Devriese et al, 1991) are E. faecalis, indicating that E. faecalis is the dominant enterococcal species in the gut flora of young chickens during the first days of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination of Marek's disease vaccine suspensions withEnterococcus faecalisand its possible role in amyloid arthropathy

Landman¹,

Veldman²,

Mevius³

et al. 2000

Avian Pathology

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Samples of hatchery air (hatcher and processing room), Marek's disease vaccine suspensions and injection needles collected during chick processing, revealed variable levels (<500 to 10 6 colony forming units (cfu)/m 3 air, < 10 to 10 6 cfu/ml vaccine suspension, and 9500 to 61 000 cfu/needle) of Enterococcus faecalis contamination. This observation suggests a possible infection route in 1-day-old chickens through intramuscular vaccination of Marek's disease vaccine contaminated with arthropathic and amyloidogenic E. faecalis, which could lead to amyloid arthropathy.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) DNA restriction endonuclease fragment analysis of E. faecalis strains obtained from two hatcheries revealed a predominant PFGE pattern in one hatchery, while one isolate with an almost identical PFGE pattern to an amyloid arthropathy inducing isolate was found.

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The Development of the Intestinal Flora of the Young Chick

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

Some observations on the caecal micro‐flora of the chick during the first two weeks of life

Some observations on the caecal micro‐flora of the chick during the first two weeks of life

The Role of Intestinal Microflora on the Prevention of Salmonella Colonization in Gnotobiotic Chickens

Contamination of Marek's disease vaccine suspensions withEnterococcus faecalisand its possible role in amyloid arthropathy

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