The Development of the Human Lateral Geniculate Body

Cooper, E.R.A.

doi:10.1093/brain/68.3.222

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have found that the LGN first forms as a homogeneous collection of cells and subsequently develops its characteristic 6-layered structure over the period from 22-25 GW (4,12,14,15). The 2 magnocellular layers become evident first (15) at the medial edge of the LGN (Fig.…”

Section: Emergence Of Lgn Cell Layersmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Second, there is a rich context of previous studies on the development of visual pathways in animals, including primates (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), providing a basis for comparative analysis. Third, previous studies have described the histological development of the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (4,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) and visual cortex (4,11,18,19) in detail. Fourth, the anatomical components of the visual system (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Gestational age is defined as the time elapsed since the first day of the last menstrual period [20].) Fibers in the optic tract reach the LGN anlage by about 7 gestational weeks (GW) (12,13). Synapses between optic fibers and LGN cells are formed by about [13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At such early fetal ages, the LGN anlage appears as a homogeneous collection of cell bodies. Later, the LGN neurons aggregate intro 6 cellular layers, which begin to be evident at about 22 GW (4,12,14,15). Each cellular layer ultimately receives innervation from only 1 eye.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Connections in the Human Visual System During Fetal Mid-Gestation: A Dil-Tracing Study

Hevner

2000

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol

135

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Abstract. Animal studies have shown that connections between the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and visual cortex begin to develop prenatally. To study the development of these connections in humans, regions of fixed brain from fetuses of 20-22 gestational weeks (GW) were injected with the fluorescent tracer DiI. Placement of DiI in the optic nerve or tract labeled retinogeniculate projections. In the LGN, these projections were already segregated into eye-specific layers by 20 GW. Retinogeniculate segregation thus preceded cellular lamination of the LGN, which did not commence until 22 GW. Thalamocortical axons, labeled from DiI injections into the optic radiations, densely innervated the subplate, but did not significantly innervate the cortical plate. This pattern was consistent with observations of a ''waiting period'' in animals, when thalamocortical axons synapse in the subplate for days or weeks before entering the cortical plate. Cortical efferent neurons (labeled retrogradely from the optic radiations) were located in the subplate and deep layers of the cortical plate. In summary, human visual connections are partially formed by mid-gestation, and undergo further refinement during and after this period. The program for prenatal development of visual pathways appears remarkably similar between humans and other primates.

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Section: Emergence Of Lgn Cell Layersmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of Connections in the Human Visual System During Fetal Mid-Gestation: A Dil-Tracing Study

Hevner

2000

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol

135

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“…In most species with a laminated dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the layers develop prenatally (Gilbert, 1934;Cooper, 1945;Moskowitz and Noback, 1962;Rakic, 1977a, b;Kalil, 1978;Hitchcock and Hickey, 1980). This fact has made it extremely difficult to follow the normal sequence of developmental events leading to layer formation as well as to manipulate those events experimentally.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early postnatal development of laminar characteristics in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tree shrew

Brunso‐Bechtold¹,

Casagrande²

1982

J. Neurosci.

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Three characteristics distinguish the six layers of the adult tree shrew dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). First, interlaminar spaces divide the nucleus into cell layers. Second, input from the two eyes projects to the nucleus such that two layers (1 and 5) receive input from the ipsilateral retinal and four layers (2, 3, 4, and 6) receive input from the contralateral retina. Finally, distinct cytological features characterize individual layers. In this report, we describe the postnatal development of LGN layers in the tree shrew in terms of the development of these three characteristics. At birth, the nucleus appears homogenous in Nissl-stained sections. Thus, no interlaminar spaces are present and all cells look similar in shape, size, and staining intensity. However, autoradiographic data show that, at birth, retinal afferents are segregated in an adult-like pattern. Interlaminar spaces begin to be evident between layers innervated by opposite eyes on postnatal day 2. Several days later, interlaminar spaces between layers innervated by the same eye (i.e., the borders of layer 3) appear, while the others continue to widen. Although some cytological maturation begins before interlaminar space formation, it is not until interlaminar spaces are apparent that features such as differential staining intensity and cell size can be used to distinguish individual layers. The results suggest that the three characteristics that define LGN layers in the tree shrew may be temporally separate events in the developing nucleus. Thus, retinal afferents are segregated prior to interlaminar space formation which, in turn, is initiated prior to final maturation of the cytological features that characterize the cell layers. This may indicate a degree of developmental independence among these maturational events.

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Developmental organization of neurophysin neurons in the human brain

et al. 1997

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Neurophysin (NPH) was detected immunohistochemically in 34 human brains ranging in age from 10 weeks of gestation (wg) to 3 months postnatal. Weakly-stained NPH-immunoreactive (NPH-IR) cells were already aggregated in the lateral hypothalamus in the supraoptic nucleus at 10 wg, the first time point examined. From this time, there was a clear and consistent chronology in the first appearance of NPH-immunoreactivity in different cell groups progressing from the supraoptic nucleus at 10 wg to cells in the accessory NPH cell group at 13 wg, paraventricular nucleus at 14 wg, suprachiasmatic nucleus at 18 wg and various other well defined clusters in the basal forebrain at 18-20 wg. NPH-IR fibers were present in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract from 10 wg, and together with other available evidence, our findings suggest the presence of a potentially functional hypothalamohypophyseal system by the end of the first trimester. NPH staining patterns and orientations of cells suggest that NPH-IR cells originate from the region of the hypothalamic sulcus in a manner consistent with animal studies, and migrate to their settling areas before expressing NPH-immunoreactivity. In spite of the likelihood that most NPH-IR cells (with the probable exception of those in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) derive from a single primordium, the final organization of NPH-IR cells consists of many scattered groups, as seen in the late fetal period and mature brain. Developmental analysis provides further evidence that there is a high degree of conservation in the topographic organization of the numerous diverse NPH-IR cell groups in humans and other mammals, suggesting that the separation and organization of these groups may be of functional importance.

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The Development of the Human Lateral Geniculate Body

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Development of Connections in the Human Visual System During Fetal Mid-Gestation: A Dil-Tracing Study

Development of Connections in the Human Visual System During Fetal Mid-Gestation: A Dil-Tracing Study

Early postnatal development of laminar characteristics in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tree shrew

Developmental organization of neurophysin neurons in the human brain

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