“…Individual variation in ERN magnitude is thought to index differences in sensitivity to error commission and defensive reactivity following mistakes (Hajcak, 2012; Weinberg, Riesel, & Hajcak, 2012). In keeping with the view that individuals with internalizing and externalizing tendencies have increased and decreased sensitivity to potential threat, respectively, studies have consistently found an increased ERN among internalizing individuals and a decreased ERN among externalizing individuals For example, work in adults and children suggests that the ERN magnitude is increased in individuals characterized by internalizing disorders or traits, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; Carrasco et al, 2013; Endrass, Klawohn, Schuster, & Kathmann, 2008; Endrass et al, 2010; Gehring, Himle, & Nisenson, 2000; Hajcak, Franklin, Foa, & Simons, 2008; Riesel, Endrass, Kaufmann, & Kathmann, 2011; Ruchsow, Grön, et al, 2005), depression (Chiu & Deldin, 2007; Holmes & Pizzagalli, 2008, 2010; however, see: Olvet, Klein, & Hajcak, 2010; Weinberg, Klein, & Hajcak, 2012), generalized anxiety disorder (Weinberg, Olvet, & Hajcak, 2010; Xiao et al, 2011), heterogeneous anxiety disorders (Ladouceur, Dahl, Birmaher, Axelson, & Ryan, 2006; Meyer et al, 2013), OCD traits (Gründler, Cavanagh, Figueroa, Frank, & Allen, 2009; Hajcak & Simons, 2002; Santesso, Segalowitz, & Schmidt, 2006), trait anxiety (Meyer, Weinberg, Klein, & Hajcak, 2012; Pourtois et al, 2010), negative affect (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000; Hajcak, McDonald, & Simons, 2004), and behavioral inhibition (Amodio, Master, Yee, & Taylor, 2008; Boksem, Tops, Wester, Meijman, & Lorist, 2006; McDermott et al, 2009). In contrast, the ERN tends to be diminished in individuals characterized by externalizing disorders or traits, such as substance abuse (Franken, van Strien, Franzek, & van de Wetering, 2007; Luijten et al, 2014; Marhe, van de Wetering, & Franken, 2013), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Albrecht et al, 2008; Groen et al, 2008; Hermann, Ziegler, Birbaumer, & Flor, 2002), psychopathy (Munro et al, 2007; Von Borries et al, 2010), trait impulsivity (Potts, George, Martin, & Barratt, 2006; Ruchsow, Spitzer, Grön, Grothe, & Kiefer, 2005), disinhibitory personality traits (Dikman & Allen, 2000), and externalizing traits (Hall, Bernat, & Patrick, 2007).…”