The development of the cerebellum in man in relation to its comparative anatomy

Larsell, O.

doi:10.1002/cne.900870203

Cited by 126 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Comparison of low-magnification photomicrographs from the cerebellar vermis of the controls revealed a gradual pattern of growth and maturation, which correlates well with total brain weight ( Fig. 1) and sketches of similar sections reported by Larsell (1947). In all of the cerebella in our series, the 10 vermian lobules recognized by Larsell are readily identified.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Normal and abnormal anatomy of the cerebellar vermis in midgestational human fetuses

Kapur

Mahony

Finch

et al. 2009

Birth Defects Research

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Prenatal ultrasound images that suggest moderate-to-severe hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis may reflect relatively subtle malformations, which are recognized histologically by direct comparison with stage-matched control data. The data in this series and others suggest a somewhat consistent pattern of lobular malformation, which affects the caudal cerebellum, particularly the nodulus, most severely. Rotation of the cerebellum, secondary to an enlarged fourth ventricle, may account for discordance between ultrasound and autopsy findings.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Normal and abnormal anatomy of the cerebellar vermis in midgestational human fetuses

Kapur

Mahony

Finch

et al. 2009

Birth Defects Research

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“…1 in [17] ; Figs. 9, 11, 12 in [16]) indicate that development of the cerebella lagged or arrested between approximately 14 and 18 weeks' gestation; all primary lobules had formed, and the primary fissure was a groove on the superior surface, but lobules displayed only minimal foliation. Purkinje neurons are born in the subventricular zone of the fourth ventricle around the fifth week of gestation and subsequently migrate radially to the vermis and later to the hemispheres.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…5A). Although very simplified, comparison of this vermis with lobular designations by Larsell (16) and with the development sequence by Rakic and Sidman (17) indicated that all of the major lobules and their fissures had formed (Fig. 5A).…”

Section: Cerebellar Vermismentioning

confidence: 93%

Neuropathologic Features of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 6

Joseph

Innes

Smith

et al. 2014

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol

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Pontocerebellar hypoplasia is a group of severe developmental disorders with prenatal onset affecting the growth and function of the brainstem and cerebellum. The rarity and genetic heterogeneity of this group of disorders can make molecular diagnosis challenging. We report 3 siblings who were born to nonconsanguineous parents, were hypotonic at birth, developed seizures, had repeated apneic spells, and died within 2 months of life. Neuroimaging showed that all had profound cerebellar hypoplasia and simplified cortical gyration. Genetic analysis by whole-exome sequencing demonstrated compound heterozygous mutations in the mitochondrial arginyl transfer RNA synthetase gene RARS2, indicating that the children had pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6. Autopsies on the younger twin siblings revealed small and immature cerebella at an approximate developmental age of less than 18 weeks. The basis pontis showed regressive changes, and the medulla had marked inferior olivary hypoplasia. The brains of both twins were microencephalic and had simplified gyri; cortices were immature, and deep white matter had extensive astrocytosis. The findings suggest a near-normal embryologic period followed by midgestation developmental slowing or cessation and later regression in select anatomic regions. This is the first detailed description of neuropathologic findings associated with pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 6 and demonstrates the profound effects of RARS2 disruption during early neurodevelopment.

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“…This functional segregation of the neural tube into isolated segments, the rhombomeres, allows region-specific differentiation (Fraser et al 1990). The anterior rhombomere, r1, will develop into the cerebellum (Larsell 1947;Altman and Bayer 1978a;Zervas et al 2004;ten Donkelaar and Lammens 2009). The caudal rhombomeres (r2-r8) give rise to the neurons of the hindbrain nuclei, including the IO (Altman and Bayer 1978b;Ray and Dymecki 2009).…”

Section: Development Of the Inferior Olive And Climbing Fibers The Ormentioning

confidence: 98%

Inferior Olive: All Ins and Outs

Gruijl

Bosman

Zeeuw

et al. 2013

Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

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The inferior olive provides all climbing fibers to the Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and thereby has a strong impact on cerebellar output. As a consequence, the integration of inputs to olivary neurons as well as their intrinsic properties are critical for cerebellar function. In this chapter, all issues that are relevant for their ultimate function are addressed. This chapter starts by reviewing developmental aspects such as the origin and migratory routes of inferior olivary neurons and a description of their axonal outgrowth into climbing fibers innervating Purkinje cells. Subsequently, a detailed description of the olivary subdivisions and the ultrastructure of their neuropil is provided. This is characterized by the presence of dendro-dendritic gap junctions located in glomeruli and by the consistently combined excitatory and inhibitory innervation of their coupled spines. Furthermore, the electrophysiological behavior of olivary neurons is described and discussed. Finally, these unique properties are integrated in cellular and system models. Both type of models show that the inferior olive is very well able to control both rate

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The development of the cerebellum in man in relation to its comparative anatomy

Cited by 126 publications

References 22 publications

Normal and abnormal anatomy of the cerebellar vermis in midgestational human fetuses

Normal and abnormal anatomy of the cerebellar vermis in midgestational human fetuses

Neuropathologic Features of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Type 6

Inferior Olive: All Ins and Outs

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