“…The knowledge of occupational gender stereotypes seems to be present in children as young as 3 years old and it tends to increase with age (e.g., Martin & Little, 1990); children also continue to aspire to gender-typed jobs (e.g., Etaugh & Liss, 1992;Sellers, Satcher, & Comas, 1999) towards which they have more positive affective reactions (Levy, Sadovsky, & Troseth, 2000). Serbin, Powlishta, and Gulko (1993) examined the development of gender-typing in a sample of children ages 5 to 12 years, using multiple measures of gender-typing, including indices of knowledge of stereotypes and flexibility in the domains of activities, occupations, and traits (cognitive elements) and indices of personal preference, such as gender-typed preferences for activities, occupations, and peers (affective elements). Their results supported the need for an integrative theory of sex-role development, incorporating factors emphasized by cognitive-developmental, schematic-processing, and social learning theories.…”