“…The process of teaching and learning is crucial in the application of learning models, as learning is an ever-evolving science that adapts to the changing needs of the times, including the development of technological knowledge (Millionshchikov, 1974). Technological advancements have led to improvements in learning activities in education, such as the growing variety of learning materials available, which can assist lecturers in creating and integrating relevant learning models to achieve students' educational outcomes (Kristiawan et al, 2021).…”