The Development of Quantitative Relationships between Orographic Precipitation and Air-Mass Parameters for Use in Forecasting and Cloud Seeding Evaluation

Elliott, Robert D.; Shaffer, Russell W.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1962)001<0218:tdoqrb>2.0.co;2

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This may be because the abrupt upwards slopes are unable to provide a stable ascent for the incoming air parcel to deflect upwards after striking. While the mountainous barriers act as sources of heat in producing convection cells and converging the air mass at the crest, the abrupt and steep slopes stunt the ascent of rain‐bearing clouds by collision and coalescence, which leads to higher rainfall at the foot of the mountain (Elliott and Shaffer, ; Sarker, ; Grossman and Durran, ; Ogura and Yoshizaki, ; De and Dutta, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional climate trends and topographic influence over the Western Ghat catchments of India

Mudbhatkal

Mahesha

2017

Intl Journal of Climatology

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This study investigates the role of elevation stratification and climate change on the hydrology of Western Ghat catchments during the period from 1951 to 2013 using gridded data. The trend analysis of rainfall and temperature was conducted using the Mann–Kendall trend test, and the hydrological modelling of the rivers was conducted using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. To characterize the spatial distribution of rainfall and streamflow based on elevation stratification, contemporary rainfall zones were delineated and the response of each zone was evaluated. The results indicated that the maximum rainfall occurs at certain distance on the windward side from the crest of the Western Ghats. On the leeward side (eastern plateau), the rainfall is maximum at crest (Western Ghats) and decreases with distance. The rivers in the southern portion of the Western Ghats of India were highly vulnerable to changing climate followed by the central portion. The annual and monsoon rainfall in the southern river decreased at 0.43 and 0.30 decade−1 (1 significance level), respectively. The summer rainfall in the river of the central portion (Netravathi River) decreased at 0.44 decade−1. The annual air temperature of the southern river catchment (Vamanapuram) increased at the rate of 0.12 °C decade−1 (at 0.1 significance level), and the air temperature of the central rivers increased at the rate of 0.09, 0.08, and 0.07 °C (0.1 significance level), respectively. The streamflow response of the southern and central rivers was discernible as the monsoon flow decreased at 37 decade−1 (0.1 significance level) in the southern river and 10 decade−1 (5 significance level) in the central river. Interestingly, the pristine Aghanashini River demonstrated resilience to climate change with an increase in annual rainfall and streamflow at 115 mm decade−1 (5 significance level) and 0.71 Mm3 decade−1 (0.1 significance level), respectively

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional climate trends and topographic influence over the Western Ghat catchments of India

Mudbhatkal

Mahesha

2017

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…In the cloudburst system, such a favorable situation leads to a higher efficiency for precipitation. Elliott and Shaffer (1962) showed that the deeper vertical penetration of the convective elements can compensate for the water loss by entrainment, resulting in a greater condensate and precipitation production. In our study, the entrainment generated by the mixing of wet and dry wind caused a lowering of water vapor concentration.…”

Section: Vertical Sounding Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation- and numerical-analysis-based dynamics of the Uttarkashi cloudburst

et al. 2015

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Abstract. A Himalayan cloudburst event, which occurred on 3 August 2012 in the Uttarkashi (30.73 • N, 78.45 • E) region of Uttarakhand, India, was analyzed. The near-surface atmospheric variables were analyzed to study the formation, evolution, and triggering mechanisms of this cloudburst. In order to improve upon the understanding provided by the observations, numerical simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, configured with a single domain at 18 km resolution. The model was tuned using variation of different parameterizations (convective, microphysical, boundary layer, radiation, and land surface), and different model options (number of vertical levels, and spin-up time), which resulted in a combination of parameters and options that best reproduced the observed diurnal characteristics of the near-surface atmospheric variables. Our study demonstrates the ability of WRF in forecasting precipitation, and resolving synoptic-scale and mesoscale interactions. In order to better understand the cloudburst, we configured WRF with multiply nested two-way-interacting domains (18, 6, 2 km) centered on the location of interest, and simulated the event with the best configuration derived earlier. The results indicate that two mesoscale convective systems originating from Madhya Pradesh and Tibet interacted over Uttarkashi and, under orographic uplifting and in the presence of favorable moisture condition, resulted in this cloudburst event.

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“…Scorer [1953] indicates that the height to which perturbations in the wind flow extend is dependent on the vertical temperature and wind profiles and on the height and shape of the hills. Observational studies by Elliott and Shaffer [1962] have shown that the influence of topography on rainfall patterns is greater when there is a combination of strong winds at low levels and vertical temperature instability. Douglas and Glasspoole [1947] have in addition shown the importance of a deep moist layer in enhancing orographic effects.…”

Section: Copyright (•) 1972 By the American Geophysical •Jnionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Storm rainfall variability over Connecticut

Wilson¹,

Atwater²

1972

J. Geophys. Res.

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Storm rainfall variability over Connecticut was investigated by using data from the 66 cooperative rain gages of the National Weather Service supplemented by 70 volunteer stations. The analyses concentrated on large‐scale stratiform type rainstorms. Much of the observed rainfall variability within storms can best be explained by variations in terrain. A minimum in rainfall generally occurs in the Connecticut River valley and along the coastal plain and a maximum on the windward side of the hills. The wind direction at hilltop level is an important factor in explaining differences in the rainfall pattern between storms. More upper‐air stations and more frequent soundings would be needed to assess the importance of other atmospheric variables in influencing the effectiveness of topography as a modifier of precipitation patterns. The results of this study emphasize the importance of topography, even in regions with small elevation differences, when attempts are being made to evaluate man's planned or inadvertent modification of precipitation.

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The Development of Quantitative Relationships between Orographic Precipitation and Air-Mass Parameters for Use in Forecasting and Cloud Seeding Evaluation

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Regional climate trends and topographic influence over the Western Ghat catchments of India

Regional climate trends and topographic influence over the Western Ghat catchments of India

Observation- and numerical-analysis-based dynamics of the Uttarkashi cloudburst

Storm rainfall variability over Connecticut

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