“…Primary (or elementary) teachers across the world tend to lack confidence in teaching science and promoting science learning (Appleton, Gins, & Watters, 2000;Dillon, Osborne, Fairbrother, & Kurina, 2000;Goodrum, Hackling, & Rennie, 2001;Harlen, 1997;Jarvis & Pell, 2004;Yager & Weld, 1999). In contrast, primary teachers are quite adept at literacy instruction (Akerson, Flick, & Lederman, 2000;El-Hindi, 2003).…”