THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT GRANULES IN THE EYES OF WILD TYPE AND MUTANT <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER </i>

Shoup, Jane R.

doi:10.1083/jcb.29.2.223

Cited by 117 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Vertebrate eyes use melanin as their exclusive dark pigment. However, among invertebrates, pterins constitute the eye pigment in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (4), pterins and ommochromes are accumulated in eyes of Drosophila (5), and melanin is found rarely such as in the inverse cup-like eyes of the planarian, Dugesia (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components

Kozmík

Růžičková

Jonasova

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

118

113

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Animal eyes are morphologically diverse. Their assembly, however, always relies on the same basic principle, i.e., photoreceptors located in the vicinity of dark shielding pigment. Cnidaria as the likely sister group to the Bilateria are the earliest branching phylum with a well developed visual system. Here, we show that cameratype eyes of the cubozoan jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, use genetic building blocks typical of vertebrate eyes, namely, a ciliary phototransduction cascade and melanogenic pathway. Our findings indicative of parallelism provide an insight into eye evolution. Combined, the available data favor the possibility that vertebrate and cubozoan eyes arose by independent recruitment of orthologous genes during evolution.T he assembly of diverse animal eyes requires two fundamental building blocks, photoreceptors and dark shielding pigment. The function of photoreceptors is to convert light (stream of photons) into intracellular signaling. The photoreceptor cells (PRCs) are classified into two distinct types: rhabdomeric, characteristic of vision in invertebrate eyes; and ciliary, characteristic of vision in vertebrate eyes (1). In both ciliary and rhabdomeric PRCs, the seven-transmembrane receptor (opsin) associates with retinal to constitute a functional photosensitive pigment. Each photoreceptor type uses a separate phototransduction cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptors employ r-opsins and a phospholipase C cascade, whereas ciliary photoreceptors use c-opsins and a phosphodiesterase (PDE) cascade (2, 3). In general, the dark pigment reduces photon scatter and orients the direction optimally sensitive to light. The biochemical nature of the dark pigment appears more diverse than the phototransduction cascades used by the PRCs. Vertebrate eyes use melanin as their exclusive dark pigment. However, among invertebrates, pterins constitute the eye pigment in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (4), pterins and ommochromes are accumulated in eyes of Drosophila (5), and melanin is found rarely such as in the inverse cup-like eyes of the planarian, Dugesia (6).Cnidaria, the likely sister group to the Bilateria, constitute the earliest branching phylum containing a well developed visual system. For example, Cubozoa (known as ''box jellyfish'') have camera-type eyes with cornea, lens, and retina; unexpectedly, the cubozoan retina has ciliated PRCs that are typical for vertebrate eyes (7-9). Cubomedusae are active swimmers that are able to make directional changes in response to visual stimuli (10). The cubozoan jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora (Fig. 1A), has four sensory structures called rhopalia that are equally spaced around the bell. In addition to two camera-type lens containing eyes at right angles to one another, each rhopalium has two pit-shaped and two slit-shaped pigment cup eyes (Fig. 1B). Thus, with six eyes located on each rhopalium, Tripedalia has 24 eyes altogether. Because the visual fields of individual eyes of the rhopalium partly overlap, Tripedalia (like other Cubomedusae) has an al...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components

Kozmík

Růžičková

Jonasova

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

118

113

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“…Kynurenine has been detected microspectrofluorimetrically in the Malpighian tubules of T. infestans (Mello & Vidal, 1985). With the development of the insect optical system, the precursors of eye pigments discharged from the insect's hemolymph are captured by the developing eyes and transformed and deposited in pigment granules (Shoup, 1966;Colombo et al, 1973;Wigglesworth, 1984). Xanthommatin and other ommochromes are synthesized only in the eyes and in epidermal cells (Colombo et al, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye pigments of the blood-sucking insect, Triatoma infestans klug (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

Moraes

Pimentel

Rodrigues³

et al. 2005

Braz. J. Biol.

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The pigmentation of black (wild) and red (mutant) eyes of Triatoma infestans was studied spectrophotometrically and compared with red-eyed (wild) and white-eyed (mutant) forms of Drosophila melanogaster. The spectral absorption profiles of the black and red eye pigments of T. infestans were similar to each other and to that of the wild-type eyes of D. melanogaster. The similarity to the wild form of D. melanogaster indicated that both eye forms of T. infestans contained ommochromes of the xanthommatin type, a finding confirmed by ascending paper chromatography. Pteridines, melanins, and ommins were not detected as eye pigments in T. infestans. The eye color difference in T. infestans was assumed to be a function of the xanthommatin concentration, with a smaller content of ommochrome in red eyes, although this probably did not affect the insect's visual acuity. These data support other findings regarding the similarities between black-and red-eyed specimens of T. infestans for other characteristics.Key words: Triatoma infestans, eye color, black eyes, red-eyed mutant, ommochrome, spectral absorption profiles. RESUMO Pigmentos de olho em Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)A pigmentação de olhos pretos (forma selvagem) e vermelhos (forma mutante) de Triatoma infestans foi estudada por espectrofotometria e comparada à de olhos vermelhos (selvagem) e brancos (mutante) de Drosophila melanogaster. Os perfis do espectro de absorção dos pigmentos de olho preto e vermelho de T. infestans foram semelhantes entre si e ao dos olhos de tipo selvagem de D. melanogaster. A similaridade com a forma selvagem de D. melanogaster indicou que ambos os tipos de olho de T. infestans continham omocromos do tipo xantomatina, o que foi confirmado por cromatografia ascendente em papel. Não foram detectadas pteridinas, melaninas e ominas como pigmentos de olho em T. infestans. A diferença na cor de olho em T. infestans foi considerada uma função da concentração de xantomatina, sendo menor o conteúdo de omocromo nos olhos vermelhos, embora isso provavelmente não afete a acuidade visual do inseto. Esses resultados estão de acordo com dados de outros autores quanto a semelhanças envolvendo outras características entre espécimes de olho preto e vermelho de T. infestans.Palavras-chave: Triatoma infestans, cor de olho, olhos pretos, mutante de olho vermelho, omocromo, espectro de absorção. Braz. J. Biol., 65(3): 477-481, 2005 478 MORAES, A. S. et al.

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“…For each fly investigated, an image of the eye was projected onto a separate sheet of graph paper at a magnification such that the total area of the eye corresponded to about 800 subdivisions. The colourless regions found in wm4/O flies were outlined; since the eye contains about 800 ommatidia (Shoup, 1966), the number of subdivisions within an outlined region was an approximation of the number of ommatidia it contained.…”

Section: Materials and Methods (I) Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such partially pigmented ommatidia would not have been readily detected in the present work but if there were a tendency for pigmentation to be absent from secondary pigment cells rather than randomly from both types, it might be responsible for the brownish colour we observed in wm4/O males, where the inversion affects many more ommatidia than in either Wm4/ YY or m4/ Y flies. Ommochrome is already visible in the eyes of a two-day-old pupa whereas drosopterin synthesis does not start until the third day of pupation (Shoup, 1966); an alternative interpretation for the brownish colour is that the white locus becomes inhibited after the formation of the brown but before the synthesis of the red pigment. The latter speculation makes certain predictions as to the timing of the control of pigment formation which should be testable.…”

Section: Discussior (I) Types Of Variegation Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two main types of pigment are normally present: a red pigment believed to be made up of three closely related compounds, the drosopterins (Ziegler and Harmsen, 1969) and a brown pigment, which is an ommochrome belonging to the ommatin class (Dickinson and Sullivan, 1975). According to Shoup (1966), the granules bearing the ommochromes are present in primary and secondary pigment cells whereas the drosopterin-bearing granules are restricted to the secondary pigment cells. In a histological study of eye-pigmentation, Nolte (1950) observed that the pigment granules in wm4 males with the standard sexchromosome constitution are morphologically the same as those in the wild type but can be absent in some of the normally pigmented cells within a given ommatidium.…”

Section: Discussior (I) Types Of Variegation Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of gene suppression in Drosophila melanogaster by sex chromosomes: II. Variegation in eyes of wm4 males

1984

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SUMMARYWe studied position-effect variegation in left eyes of w"4 males with none, one or two Y chromosomes, reared at 25°C or 15°C. The results showed that an additional Y chromosome reduces both the number of variegated flies and the mean number of affected ommatidia, whereas loss of the Y chromosome markedly enhances both. Low culture temperature also enhances the variegation but is less effective than loss of the Y chromosome. Comparisons of variegation patterns between the different experimental groups were hampered by considerable variation between individuals within a group. "Average" patterns were therefore constructed for each group, which are presented in the form of computer-smoothed contour maps and three-dimensional perspectives. They revealed that the distribution of pigment differs in various respects from that observed in other white-variegated strains. Notably, the highest concentration of unpigmented ommatidia occurs in the middle of the eye, decreasing more or less radially though not all peripheral regions are equally affected. Pattern differences associated with differences in Y-chromosome constitution are ascribed to a combination of the factors which determine regions of sensitivity and those which enhance variegation.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT GRANULES IN THE EYES OF WILD TYPE AND MUTANT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Cited by 117 publications

References 48 publications

Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components

Assembly of the cnidarian camera-type eye from vertebrate-like components

Eye pigments of the blood-sucking insect, Triatoma infestans klug (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

Modification of gene suppression in Drosophila melanogaster by sex chromosomes: II. Variegation in eyes of wm4 males

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