The Development of Novel Drug Treatments for Stroke Patients: A Review

Abstract

Acute ischemic stroke is a critical condition that can result in disability and death. The consequences of this medical condition depend on various factors, including the size of the stroke, affected brain region, treatment onset, and the type of treatment. The primary objective of stroke treatment is to restart ischemic penumbra tissue perfusion and reduce infarct volume by sustaining blood flow. Recent research on the condition’s pathological pathways and processes has significantly improved treatment options beyond restoring perfusion. Many studies have concentrated on limiting injury severity via the manipulation of molecular mechanisms of ischemia, particularly in animal research. This article reviews completed and ongoing research on the development of acute ischemic stroke drugs. This study focuses on three main categories of antithrombotic drugs, thrombolytic drugs, and neuroprotective agents. The paper outlines findings from animal and clinical trials and explores the working mechanisms of these drugs.

Eriodictyol: a review of its pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms related to ischemic stroke

“…1 Moreover, long-term use of medicines including urinary enzymes, auxiliary enzymes, and aspirin bowel salts will induce disorders of the liver, kidneys and heart, as well as lead to abnormal blood lipids. 6 Hence, so far, there is no specific and effective treatment. For this reason, researchers have turned their attention to safe and alternative natural products.…”

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α-Stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6): A Promising Immunomodulatory Target in Acute Neurodegenerative Diseases

“…Decreased blood flow to the brain triggers an ischemic detrimental cascade involving excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation that contribute to the development of cerebral damage [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Moreover, several studies support the evidence that central and peripheral immune responses play a pivotal role in ischemic pathobiology, exerting detrimental or protective functions, depending on the specific molecules or cells (phenotypes/subtypes) involved, as well as on the phases after the initial insult [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. To implement therapeutic approaches, recent experimental work has suggested that an appropriate immunomodulation would allow to achieve neuroprotection.…”

Predicting the tissue outcome of acute ischemic stroke from acute 4D computed tomography perfusion imaging using temporal features and deep learning

“…As a result, machine learningbased stroke tissue outcome prediction has, historically, only been applied to in silico treatment efficacy analysis for preclinical pilot studies (Fiehler et al, 2019). In this context, considering the rapid development of novel thrombectomy devices (Munoz et al, 2022) and the large number of proposed neuroprotectant drugs (Frank et al, 2022), there is inherent value in the development of reliable tissue outcome prediction pipelines that can be constructed quickly with minimal manual processing. Additionally, CTP imaging is significantly more accessible compared to perfusion-weighted MRI in North America (Demeestere et al, 2020), but also more difficult to process due to its worse signal-tonoise ratio, making tissue outcome prediction from CTP data an important research topic.…”