The Development of Non-Conventional Oil and Gas in Indonesia

Abstract

Oil and gas fuel from unconventional types of reservoirs was the development of alternative sources in addition to oil and gas fuels from conventional type reservoirs that can be obtained to meet domestic needs. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs has developed rapidly outside Indonesia, such as in North America and Canada. One type of unconventional oil and gas reservoir was obtained from shale rock reservoirs. Hydrocarbon shale produced from shale formations, both source from rock and reservoir. This unconventional hydrocarbon has a big potential to be utilized. In this study, an analysis of the development of unconventional oil and gas from Shale Hydrocarbons carried out in Indonesia. This research included the distribution of shale reservoir basins, the number of unconventional shale reservoir resources, factors affecting the development of unconventional oil and gas in shale reservoirs in Indonesia, efforts made by the government to promote exploration activities, exploitation of shale reservoirs in Indonesia, and existing regulations for non-conventional oil and gas. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoir shale needed to be developed immediately and will attract investors to meet domestic needs for renewable energy needs. From the geological data obtained, there were 6 basins and 11 formations that analyzed for commercialization. Tanjung and Batu Kelau Formation was a prospect formation from 4 desired data categories. In terms of regulation, it still needed improvement to increase the interest of upstream oil and gas entrepreneurs in the unconventional oil and gas shale reservoir. Research in the field of unconventional oil and gas exploitation technology for hydrocarbon shale needed to be improved.

Potential Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources in Indonesia

“…Parameters that indicate shale gas quality include organic matter content (TOC), kerogen type, brittleness index, and maturity. TOC values are 1-4%, the kerogen type is quality III, brittleness index above 0.4, and maturity between early mature and oil zone indicates good-quality shale gas-containing rocks (Jumiati et al, 2020).…”

“…Key parameters indicative of shale gas quality encompass TOC, kerogen type, brittleness index, and maturity. High-quality shale gascontaining rocks are characterized by TOC values of 1-4%, kerogen type quality III, a brittleness index exceeding 0.4, and maturity falling within the range of early mature to the oil zone (Jumiati et al, 2020). Characteristics of unconventional oil and gas (Tverberg, 2011).…”

“…The region with the highest shale gas content is Central Sumatra (86.90 TCF), followed by Kutai (80.59 TCF), Barito (74.59 TCF), North Sumatra (64.78 TCF), and ten other basins. In addition to shale gas, shale oil has also been discovered in smaller quantities, specifically 11.24 million tons (Jumiati et al, 2020). While significant shale oil resources are identified in Central Sumatra, the exact amounts in other areas have yet to be determined with certainty (Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2022).…”

“…Figure4illustrates shale gas availability in Indonesia Jumiati et al (2020). assessed the quality of these formations based on Total Organic Carbon (TOC), kerogen, maturity, and brittleness index values.…”

Identification of shale gas existence based on 2-dimensional magnetotelluric data in the Kutai basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

“…Exploration and production in several countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, has substantial quantities of shale gas and strong possibilities for it [5]. One of the prospective hydrocarbon producers in Indonesia is located in the Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan [6], [7]. The stratigraphy of the Kutai Basin consists of four main formations, namely the Pamaluan, Pulaubalang, Balikpapan, and Kampung Baru formations, with the Pamaluan Formation showing maturity achievements with mature to over-mature categories based on maturity analysis through rock-eval and pyrolysis [8], [9].…”